Heart & Lungs

Question 1

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 1

The promotion of oxygen extraction by an increased body temperature.

Question 2

Outline a deoxygenated RBC’s pathway.

Answer 2

Venules, veins, vena cava, R atrium, tricuspid valve, R ventricle, R semilunar valve, pulmonary artieries, lungs.

Question 3

What allows for vessels of the peripheral circulatory system to regulate blood flow?

Answer 3

Smooth muscles, which allow them to contract or relax to alter circulation pattern

Question 4

What is a typical healthy diastole and systole blood pressure?

Answer 4

Diastole - 80. Systole - 120

Question 5

Which chamber is the strongest? Why?

Answer 5

Left ventricle: pumps to the entire body, where the right ventricle only pumps to the lungs, and atria pump to the ventricles

Question 6

What are the 3 main components of blood?

Answer 6

RBC’s, WBC’s, plasma.

Question 7

What is the sinus node?

Answer 7

A small bundle of nerve fibers that controls the hearts rhythm via electrical impulses.

Question 8

What is hematocrit?

Answer 8

The concentration of RBC’s in your blood.

Question 9

What branches off of the aorta?

Answer 9

Arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries

Question 10

What vessels return blood from capillaries to the vena cava?

Answer 10

Venules -> veins

Question 11

What are the conduction and respiratory zones?

Answer 11

Seperate functional zones of the air passageways

Question 12

What is the conduction zone?

Answer 12

Structures through which air passes through before gas exchange regions.

Question 13

Outline the conduction zone and it’s process.

Answer 13

1. Nose/mouth - air is filtered and humidified
2. Trachea - temperature is adjusted
3. L and R bronchii - enters lungs
4. Bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles.

Question 14

What is the respiration zone of the resp. system?

Answer 14

Where gas exchange occurs. The alveolus.

Question 15

What are the two phases of ventilation?

Answer 15

Inspiration and expiration.

Question 16

What is internal respiration?

Answer 16

Gas exchange between blood & tissues, and oxygen use by the tissues.

Question 17

What muscles are involved in ventilation?

Answer 17

Diaphragm, internal intercostals (inspire), external intercostals (expire)

Question 18

What allows for gas dissusion to occur?

Answer 18

A difference in concentration of CO₂ and O₂

Question 19

What effect does exercise have on cardiac output?

Answer 19

Increased heart size.

Larger atria and ventricles - greater volume pumped each beat

Thicker walls - increased contractility (contraction rate)

Question 20

What effect does exercise have on capillary supply?

Answer 20

A-v O2 difference improves

Better blood flow in capillaries next to muscle fibers (reduces heart attack chance)

Increased capillarization

1. Greater surface area and reduced distance between vessels and tissues
2. Increased diffusion capacity
3. Eased transport of nutrients to cells

Question 21

What effect does exercise have on blood volume?

Answer 21

Increases volume, along with total RBC count. Achieved through the stimulation of erythropoieses.

Question 22

What effect does exercise have on ventilation?

Answer 22

Increases to meet the increased demand of gas exchange. Ventilation increses from 6L/min at rest to 150L/min maximal (200L/min voluntary)

Lungs also become more efficient in gas exchange.

Question 23

What effect does exercise have on oxygen extraction?

Answer 23

Mor gas exchange with increased air flow. Body temperature increases, promoting oxygen extraction. Bohr effect

Question 24

What are the 4 primary roles of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 24

1. Oxygen: lungs -> tissues
2. CO2: tissues -> lungs
3. Nutrients: digestive system -> other areas
4. Waste: Production sites -> excrement sites

Question 25

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

Answer 25

Smooth muscle

Question 26

Where is the sinus node?

Answer 26

In the wall of the right atrium

Question 27

How does the sinus node contract the heart?

Answer 27

Generates an electrical charge called the **action potential** which travels through the **av node** and **Purkinje fibers**

Question 28

What unit is blood pressure measured in?

Answer 28

mmHg

Question 29

What is stroke volume? What is a typical stroke volume for a normal person and an athlete?

Answer 29

Amount of blood pumped out of the L ventricle per beat. Typical = 70ml/beat. Athlete = 40ml/beat

Question 30

What is cardiac output?

Answer 30

Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute. _Cardiac output (L/min) = stroke volume x heart rate_

Question 31

What should your maximum heart rate be during exercise?

Answer 31

220 - age

Question 32

What is the peripheral circulatory system?

Answer 32

Vessels that carry blood (from heart, to tissues muscles and organs, back to heart)

Question 33

What do capillaries allow for?

Answer 33

Picks up and drops off O₂, CO₂ and waste products. Allows for exchange of nutrients

Question 34

What purpose do valves in veins serve?

Answer 34

They close as blood flows away from the heart so that it does not pool in lower regions.

Question 35

What pushes blood through veins?

Answer 35

Surrounding smooth mscles and the heart's pump

Question 36

What is hemoglobin and how does it work?

Answer 36

Component of RBC comprised of proteins and iron. Each molecule bonds to and transports 4 oxygens

Question 37

What is PO₂ and what does it effect?

Answer 37

Partial pressure of oxygen. It decides how much oxygen the blood carries

Question 38

What is a-v O2 difference and what does it allowfor?

Answer 38

The difference between oxygen concentration as blood leaves the lungs and when it returns to the lungs. It allows for diffusion into the bloodstream. ml O2/L

Question 39

What is a typical a-v O₂ difference at rest? During exertion?

Answer 39

5mlO₂/L, 15mlO₂/L

Question 40

What are new RBC's called and where are they produced?

Answer 40

Reticulocytes, in the bone marrow.

Question 41

What is EPO and what does it due.

Answer 41

Erythropoetin, it is a hormone that stimulates RBC formation

Question 42

What 3 mechanisms are responsible for transporting CO₂ to the lungs?

Answer 42

1. CO2 combines w/ water to form bicarbonate, which is then transported through the body. (H2CO3) 2. CO2 bonds to hemoglobin 3. A small amount is dissolved into plasma

Question 43

What is VO2? VO2 max?

Answer 43

The volume of oxygen consumed in a given time. The maximal volume supplied and consumed by the body

Question 44

What 3 things may a difference in a-v O2 (extraction efficiency) be due to?

Answer 44

1. More mitochondira 2. greater enzyme efficiency 3. increased capillarization.

Question 45

What is the primary role of the respiratory system?

Answer 45

To oxegenate blood and to remove carbon dioxide

Question 46

What 3 main things compose the resp. system?

Answer 46

Lungs, passageways, muscles

Question 47

Ventilation, gas exchange and cellular respiration are all forms of **respiration.** Differentiate between them

Answer 47

1. Breathing 2. Between lungs & blood / blood and tissues 3. Oxygen utilization by the cells.