Heart Murmurs

Question 1

What is Mitral Stenosis?

Answer 1

Narrowing of the mitral valve between the left atrium and ventricles preventing blood flow

Question 2

When and where is mitral stenosis heard upon auscultation?

Answer 2

Apex beat- left 5th ICS MCL during expiration

Question 3

What part of the cardiac cycle does mitral stenosis occur?

Answer 3

mid-diastolic

Question 4

Characteristic of mitral stenosis murmur?

Answer 4

Low-pitched mid-diastolic murmur with an opening click

Question 5

What is mitral regurgitation?

Answer 5

Mitral valve doesn’t close properly causing backflow into the left atrium

Question 6

When and where is mitral regurgitation heard?

Answer 6

Apex beat- left 5th ICS MCL during expiration
murmur radiates to the axilla

Question 7

What part of the cardiac cycle does mitral regurgitation occur?

Answer 7

pan-systolic

Question 8

Characteristic of mitral regurgitation murmur?

Answer 8

High-pitched whistling murmur

Question 9

what can mitral regurgitation lead to

Answer 9

congestive heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction and a backflow of blood that is waiting to be ejected out from the left side of the heart

Question 10

What is mitral valve prolapse and what can it cause?

Answer 10

Floppy mitral valve can cause mitral regurgitation

Question 11

When and where is mitral valve proplase heard?

Answer 11

Apex beat- left 5th ICS MCL during expiration

Question 12

What part of the cardiac cycle does mitral valve prolapse occur?

Answer 12

mid systolic

Question 13

Characteristic of MVP?

Answer 13

midsystolic click

Question 14

What is Tricuspid Stenosis?

Answer 14

Narrowing of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and ventricles preventing blood flow

Question 15

When and where is tricuspid stenosis heard?

Answer 15

During inspiration 3rd/4th ICS right sternal edge

Question 16

What part of the cardiac cycle is tricuspid stenosis heard?

Answer 16

Mid-diastolic

Question 17

What does mitral stenosis lead to?

Answer 17

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 18

what does tricuspid stenosis lead to?

Answer 18

Right atrial hypertrophy

Question 19

what does mitral regurgitation lead to?

Answer 19

left atrial dilation

Question 20

what does aortic stenosis lead to

Answer 20

left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 21

what does aortic regurgitation lead to?

Answer 21

left ventricular dilation

Question 22

What manoeuvre is good for is best for mitral regurgitation?

Answer 22

roll-on left side - use diaphragm

Question 23

What manoeuvre is good for is best for mitral stenosis?

Answer 23

roll-on left side - use bell

Question 24

Characteristic of tricuspid stenosis?

Answer 24

Mid-diastolic murmur- rarely audible

Question 25

Clinical feature of tricuspid stenosis?

Answer 25

peripheral oedema, ascites

Question 26

What is tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 26

tricuspid doesn't close properly causing backflow back into the right atrium

Question 27

When and where is tricuspid regurgitation heard upon auscultation?

Answer 27

3rd/4ths ICS right sternal edge during inspiration

Question 28

What part of the cardiac cycle is tricuspid regurgitation heard

Answer 28

pan-systolic

Question 29

Clinical feature of tricuspid regurgitation?

Answer 29

right-sided heart failure, right ventricular heave, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly, ascites

Question 30

Pulmonary Stenosis - when and where is it heard?

Answer 30

inspiration in left 2nd ICS left sternal edge

Question 31

Pulmonary stenosis- where is the cardiac cycle is it heard

Answer 31

ejection systolic

Question 32

characteristic of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 32

high-pitched and spilling murmur in S2

Question 33

Pulmonary regurgitation- when and where is it heard?

Answer 33

inspiration in left 2nd ICS left sternal edge

Question 34

Where in the cardiac cycle is pulmonary regurgitation heard?

Answer 34

Early diastolic

Question 35

Characteristic of pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 35

decrescendo murmur

Question 36

what causes pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 36

usually pulmonary hypertension

Question 37

Aortic stenosis- when and where is it heard?

Answer 37

expiration in left 2nd ICS right sternal edge

Question 38

where in the cardiac cycle is Aortic stenosis heard?

Answer 38

ejection systole

Question 39

Characteristic of aortic stenosis?

Answer 39

crescendo-decrescendo, radiates to carotids (diaphragm), best heard when patient is leaning forwards

Question 40

Aortic regurgitation- when and where is it heard?

Answer 40

expiration in left 2nd ICS right sternal edge

Question 41

what part of the cardiac cycle is aortic regurgitation heard?

Answer 41

early diastolic

Question 42

Characteristic of aortic regurgitation?

Answer 42

decrescendo early diastolic murmur

Question 43

What can severe aortic regurgitation cause?

Answer 43

Austin Flint murmur- low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur. Heard best at the apex. Caused by regurgitated blood from aorta mixes with blood from left atrium

Question 44

What can severe aortic regurgitation cause?

Answer 44

Austin Flint murmur- low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur. Heard best at the apex. Caused by regurgitated blood from aorta mixes with blood from left atrium

Question 45

What part of the cardiac cycle does aortic regurg, stenosis and mitral regurg and stenosis take place?

Answer 45

hARD ASS MRS MRD Aortic Regurg= Diastolic Aortic Stenosis= Systolic Mitral Regurg= Stenosis Mitral Regurg= Diastolic