HEENT

Question 1

3 layers of the eye from outside to inside?

Answer 1

sclera, choroid, retina

Question 2

Names for posterior and anterior portion of Sclera?

Answer 2

Posterior - Sclera

Anterior - Cornea

Question 3

What nourishes the sclera?

Answer 3

lacrimal fluid and oxygen from atmosphere

Question 4

Describe the choroid

Answer 4

dark vascular layer in posterior portion, prevents light from scattering inside the eye

Question 5

Anterior portion of choroid and describe where it is?

Answer 5

Ciliary Body

ring shaped part of middle layer behind the iris

Question 6

How much of posterior eye is covered by retina?

what does it have and what does that do?

Answer 6

2/3

photoreceptor convert light energy to nerve impulses

Question 6

What does ciliary muscle control?

Answer 6

shape of the lens

Question 6

2 parts of the ciliary body and function?

Answer 6

muscle - controls shape of lens

processess - secrets aqueous humor

Question 6

3 parts of the choroid?

Answer 6

Choroid, Ciliary body, iris

Question 6

What does the ciliary process do?

Answer 6

secretes aqueous humor

Question 7

6 parts of middle eye?

Answer 7

choroid, ciliary body, ciliary muscle, ciliary processes, iris, pupil

Question 7

3 things in the retina?

Answer 7

rods, cones, fovea

Question 8

What type of inheritance is color blindness?

who does it most affect?

most common type?

Answer 8

X-linked recessive

Males > Females (8% to 5%)

Red-Green

Question 9

What focuses the light entering the eye on the retina?

Answer 9

lens

Question 10

What flexes the lens and when it adjusts to focus on objects of varying distances, what is that called?

Answer 10

Ciliary Muscle

Accomodation

Question 11

Normal name for myopia?
where are rays focused in comparison to retina?
eyeball to long or too short?
fixed by what?

Answer 11

nearsightedness

in front of retina

too long

biconcave lens

Question 12

Normal name for hyperopia?
where are rays focused in comparison to retina?
eyeball to long or too short?
fixed by what?

Answer 12

farsightedness

behind retina

too short

binconvex lens

Question 13

what is astigmatism?
what does that do to light rays?
3 ways to correct it?

Answer 13

irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

bent unevenly

glasses, contacts, LASIK

Question 14

Posterior Cavity runs from what to what?
filled with what?
when is it formed?
function?
describe floaters?

Answer 14

lens to retina

vitreous humor (jelly-like)

embryonic development

shape

strands that form with aging in posterior cavity

Question 15

Anterior Cavity runs from what to what?
filled with what?
function of what its filled with?

Answer 15

cornea and lens

aqueous humor

supplies nutrients to lens and cornea

Question 16

Anterior chamber runs from what to what?
Posterior chamber runs from what to what?

Answer 16

cornea -> iris

Iris -> lens

Question 17

How many of each eye muscle do we have?

Answer 17

4 rectus, 2 oblique

Question 18

What is strabismus?
Causes (3)?
if not caught early, what can it cause?
common symptom?

Answer 18

one eye deviates to one side

strong/weak muscle, cerebral hemisphere disease, thyroid disease

amblyopia

diplopia

Question 19

what is amblyopia?

Answer 19

lazy eye

Question 20

3 causes of nystagmus?

Answer 20

inner ear disturbance, CN lesion, Drugs

Question 21

What is ptosis? 2 causes?

Answer 21

drooping of the eyelid bell's palsy, myasthenia gravis

Question 22

What cranial nerve controls pupillary reaction?

Answer 22

CN 3

Question 23

How many muscles does iris contain? names? function? sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 23

2 Circular (sphincter) - contracts in response to parasympathetic (constricted pupil) Radial - contracts in response to sympathetic (dilated pupil)

Question 24

Pupillary Drug Reactions Constricted? Red? (3) Dilated?

Answer 24

opiates weed, benzos, sedatives stimmies, and hallucinogens

Question 25

Accommodation changes what? By what muscle and what ligament? Stimulated by what nerve? what inhibits accommodation (3)? symptoms? (3)

Answer 25

thickness of lens ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament CN 3, oculomotor nerve aging, inflammation, disease of CN3 diplopia, blurred vision, headaches

Question 26

What is presbyopia?

Answer 26

loss of accommodation due to aging, lens becomes larger/more firm, reduced near-sighted vision (parents with menu)

Question 27

What is a cataract? Causes? (5) Symptoms? (4) Treatment? (1)

Answer 27

cloudiness of the lens aging, diabetes, sun damage, congenital (rubella/toxoplasmosis), trauma decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, glare, decreased color perception surgery, damaged lens is replaced by artificial lens

Question 28

Leading cause of blindness in the world? Leading cause of preventable blindness in the world?

Answer 28

Cataracts trachoma

Question 29

Glaucoma is caused by what? What age group gets chronic glaucoma? Caused by what due to degeneration of ____ and ____ What does higher IOP compress and what does that cause?

Answer 29

excessive accumulation of aqueous humor > 50 outflow obstruction of aqueous humor, trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm compresses blood flow to retina causing ischemia

Question 30

Glaucoma sx (2) _____ appears _____ or _____ on exam? treatment?

Answer 30

gradual loss of peripheral vision, "halos" around lights optic disc eroded or cupped eye drops to reduce secretion of aqueous humor or to constrict pupil

Question 31

what is displaced and what does it move towards in closed angle glaucoma? what can build up to cause this? causes? (3) symptoms? (4) Exam findings? (2) Type of surgery for this? and what does that surgery do

Answer 31

iris towards cornea debris developmental abnormality, aging, scarring (trauma/infection) sudden onset eye pain, nausea, headache, blurred vision pupil dilated/unresponsive to light / cornea appears bulging/cloudy Iridectomy - removal of part of iris to open passageway for drainage into canal of schlemm

Question 32

Two forms of macular degeneration? which is worse? What does neovascular (wet) do to the eye? What does dry do to the eye? risk factors? (4) Wet treatment? Dry Treatment?

Answer 32

Neovascular (wet) and Atropic (dry) Neovascular (wet) is worse rapid loss of central vision more common, progressive, limited night vision and difficulty reading HTN, Smoking, DM, FHx anti-vegF injections antioxidant vitamins (lutein and zeaxanthin)

Question 33

Macular degeneration is major cause of blindness in what age? Where does it occur in the eye?

Answer 33

> 60 years old fovea centralis

Question 34

What does conjunctivitis cause inflammation of? (2) sx? (3) What virus causes conjunctivitis? sx? 4 most common pathogens that cause pinkeye?

Answer 34

conjunctiva lining the eyes and sclera redness, itching, excessive tearing with discharge adenovirus, watery d/c, redness, photophobia Staphylcoccus, Haemophilus, Strep Pnuemoniae, M. Cat

Question 35

What infection causes Trachoma? Where does the infection occur? what does it produce? two symptoms? if not treated, what happens?

Answer 35

chlamydia trachomatis upper eyelid, pearl-like follicles scratchy eye, no exudate eyelids scar and turn lashes inward causing recurrent corneal abrasions

Question 36

Keratitis is inflammation of the what? 3 causes? and what is the most common pathogen 2 symptoms? treatment? what is the risk? _____ -> _____ -> _____

Answer 36

cornea bacterial, viral (herpes simplex), or injury severe pain and photophobia optho referral ulceration of cornea -> scarring -> permanent vision problems

Question 37

what happens during retinal detachment? 3 causes? 3 symptoms? treatment?

Answer 37

retina tears away from choroid, allows vitreous humor to flow behind causing worse tear, cells stop functioning because can't get nutrients from choroid severe myopia, aging, scar tissue that creates tension on retina NO PAIN, floating spots, darkened curtain surgery before irreversible damage to the dying retinal cells occurs

Question 38

Purpose of rods? Location? Purpose of cones? Location? Purpose of fovea? Location?

Answer 38

peripheral vision and dim light, periphery color and detail, center of retina central vision, center posterior of retina