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PCM III final exam > HEENT and resp exam > Flashcards

HEENT and resp exam Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome - head inspection finding

A

mild microcephaly

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2
Q

fragile X syndrome - head inspection finding

A

broad nasal bridge

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3
Q

hurler syndrome - head inspection finding

A
  • low nasal bridge

- fronta prominence

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4
Q

treacher collins syndrome - head inspection finding

A
  • downward slanting of the palpebral fissures
  • low set ears
  • micrognathia
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5
Q

acromeagly - head inspection finding

A
  • elongated head
  • coarsened fascial features
  • bony overgrowth of forehead, nose, and lower jaw
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6
Q

cushing’s disease - head inspection finding

A
  • moon face
  • reddened cheeks
  • hirsuitism
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7
Q

hypothyroidism - head inspection finding

A
  • puffiness of the face

- thinning and coarsening of the eyebrows and hair

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8
Q

where should the ear height be at?

A

top of the auricle should touch or be above an imaginary line between the inner canthus of the eye and the most prominent protuberance of the occiput

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9
Q

preauricular pit develops due to?

A

developmental defect in the branchial arches

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10
Q

keloid

A

overgrowth of collagen in scar tissue beyond the borders of the original injury

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11
Q

caulifower ear: etiology? mechanism?

A
  1. caused by repeated blows to the external ear among boxers and wrestlers
  2. hematoma separates the cartilage from the perichondrium and scar tissue fills the gap between the 2 layers
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12
Q

otitis externa is infection of where?

A

infection of external canal (canal is painful

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13
Q

otitis externa is caused by?

A

canal remaining most

most often infection by Pseudomonas

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14
Q

otitis externa tx

A

ear drops, canal opened and cleaned

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15
Q

if not treated, otitis externa can lead to?

A

malignant otitis externa - in diabetes, can spread and cause infection of the soft tissues of the base of the skull

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16
Q

otitis media is infection of where?

A

middle ear

most commonly seen in peds

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17
Q

if not treated, otitis media can lead to?

A
  1. acute coalescent mastoiditis - a life-threatening ear infection
  2. meningitis
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18
Q

what is glue ear?

A

middle ear becomes filled with glue-like fluid

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19
Q

finding in patient with glue ear?

A

decreased auditory acuity due to fluid dampening the vibration of the eardrum and bones of the middle ear

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20
Q

glue ear tx

A

surgical - tiny cut is made in the eardrum, fluid drained, and myringotomy tube inserted

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21
Q

what is hemotypmanum and what is it caused by?

A
  1. collection of blood in the middle ear that is visible through the tympanic membrane
  2. head trauma
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22
Q

what is tympanic membrane retraction?

A

portion of the tympanic membrane is weakened and retracts into the middle ear as a result of the relative negative pressure

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23
Q

what is tympanic membrane retraction caused by?

A

a sequela of glue ear

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24
Q

finding in patient with tympanic membrane retraction

A

compromised auditory acuity due to tympanic membrane draping over the ossicles and impeding vibration

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25
what is rhinitis
inflammation of the inner lining of the nose characterized by itchy/runny nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion
26
what is the most common type of epistaxis? and which area does it occurs in?
1. anterior epistaxis | 2. Kesselbach's plexus
27
causes of posterior epistaxis
elderly patients with fragile vessels due to HTN, atherosclerosis, coagulopathies, or weakened tissue
28
clinical features of posterior episatxis
1. profuse bleeding due to large vessels (involves the sphenopalatine artery) 2. requires hospitalization and surgery
29
what is deviated septum
condition where the nasal septum is deviated laterally due to congenital or secondary to trauma
30
septal perforation caused by
1. any condition where the blood supply to the septum is chronically compromised 2. commonly by inhalation of vasoconstriction substances (ie. cocaine)
31
sinusitis caused by
1. anything that causes swelling in the sinuses or keeps the cilia from moving mucus such as changes in temperature or air pressure
32
sinus infection can be caused by
URI
33
pathophysiology of sinus infection
1. virus infects the mucus membranes of the sinuses, causing them to swell and narrow 2. mucus membranes increase secretions, but secretions are trapped in the swollen sinus 3. stagnant mucus in sinuses become secondarily infected with bacteria
34
most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
35
risk factors for basal cell carcinoma
1. sun exposed areas 2. fair skinned 3. over exposure to radiation: solar, X-rays
36
squamous cell carcinoma appearance
scaly, crusting patch
37
herpes simplex is often caused by which type?
HSV-1
38
stages of herpes simplex
1. asymptomatic 2. virus goes into latent stage and migrates to DRG 3. physical or emotional distress causes a recurrence of the infection at the original site of infection
39
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome causes
multiple intestinal polyps and increases risk of GI tract cancer
40
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome pathophysiology
melanin deposits of mucous membranes
41
thrush is caused by
oral infection caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans commonly seen in infants, immunosuppressed patients, patients on abx or chemo
42
CC in patients with thrust
irritation of the mouth and altered taste
43
geographic tongue is linked to
Vit B deficiency
44
geographic tongue appearance is due to
loss of papillae
45
cause of fissured tongue
genetic
46
symptoms of fissured tongue
usually asymptomatic, noticed on routine exam
47
hairy leukoplakia associated with
pipe smoking, chewing tobacco or snuff
48
hairy leukoplakia is an early sign of
HIV infection
49
oral carcinoma prognosis
aggressive cancer
50
oral carcinoma risk factors
chronic alcohol use and smoking
51
oral carcinoma detection is delayed because of
inadequate examination
52
tonsillar carcinoma is usually which type?
squamous cell
53
tonsillar carcinoma is linked to
HPV infection
54
what is torus palatinus
hard bony growth in the center of the roof of the mouth (hard palate). it is not a tumor but a benign bony growth called an exostosis
55
torus palatinus occurs in which population
females over the age of 30
56
tx of torus palatinus
rarely treated, sometimes removed for the proper fitting of dentures
57
tonsillitis is often caused by which bacteria
gram positive | Streptococcus pyrogenes can lead to rheumatic fever
58
tx of tonisillits
abx to prevent rheumatic fever or tonsillar abscess
59
findings in bacterial tonsillitis
pus in tonsillar crypts
60
tracheal displacement can be caused by
1. neck mass 2. pneumothorax 3. lung mass
61
pectus excavatum (funnel chest) can cause
compression of heart and great vessels, causing murmurs
62
decreased motion of chest wall with respiration may indicate
bronchial obstruction or pleural effusio
63
what is seen with pneumothorax?
subcuteanous emphysema
64
tactile fremitus is helpful in diagnosig
consolidation
65
which physical exam of the pulmonary provides the most information?
ausculatation
66
pneumonia PE findings
1. ausculatation - decreased breath sounds over affected area, sounds more bronchial, rhonchi 2. percussion - dullness 3. special tests - increased bronchophony and tactile fremitus
67
COPD PE findings
1. auscultation - decreased breath sounds in all lung fields, wheezing 2. percussion - hyperresonance 3. special test - decreased bronchophony and tactile fremitus
68
CHF PE findings
1. auscultation - decreased breath sounds in dependent portions of the lung, rales 2. percussion - unchanged or decreased 3. special tests - unchanged
69
pneumothorax PE findings
1. auscultation - breath sounds decreased or absent on affected side 2. percussion - marked hyperresonance 3. special tests - decreased bronchophony and tactile fremitus
70
pleural effusion PE findings
1. auscultation - decreased or absent on affected side 2. percussion - dullness on affected side 3. special tests - unchanged bronchophony, decreased tactile fremitus
71
posterior landmark for upper lobe and lower lobe separation
spinouse process of T3
72
horizontal fissure separates which lobes on which side?
upper and middle lobes on the R
73
oblique fissure separates which lobes?
upper and lower lobes

PCM III final exam (7 decks)

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