heiejsks

Question 1

is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind, and language; why; world of humans

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philosophy

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Emphasized immortality and transmigration of the soul

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pythagoras

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World exists as a coherent system in which a change in one direction is ultimately balanced by a corresponding change in another; universal flux: nothing permanent except change.

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heraclitus

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laughing/smiling philosopher; atomic theory; Happiness reside not in possessions, and not
in gold, happiness dwells in the Soul

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democritus

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eudaimonic, ataraxia, aponia; advocated that people were best able to pursue philosophy by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.

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epicurus

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Socratic Method; Know Thyself; Moral Philosophy; Falling down is not a failure. Failure comes when you stay where you have fallen.

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socrates

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theory of forms dialectic method; GOOD ACTIONS GIVE STRENGTH TO OURSELVES AND INSPIRE GOOD ACTIONS IN OTHERS; traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder.

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plato

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Reality is based on what we can sense and perceive

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aristotle

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traced the need to Philosophize to doubt. In life, we will be faced with several ideas and arguments which present themselves as “truths

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Rene Descartes

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saw the need to philosophize because of experience.

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Karl Jaspers

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considers large-scale pattern systems; have open mindset and get the general sense; big picture mentality

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holistic thinking

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focuses on of a situation; component of analytical of a problem in order to understand it.

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partial thinking

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requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and action and to learn more about one’s life and experiences.

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reflection

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is the capacity of human to exercise introspection and to attempt to learn more about their fundamental nature and essence.

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human self-reflection

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accumulation of facts and information.

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knowledge

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is the synthesis of knowledge and
experiences into insights that deepen one’s understanding of relationships and the meaning of the life.

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wisdom

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answering questions related to what is real

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metaphysics

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focuses on reasoning and sound argument; correct and incorrect forms of reasoning

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logic

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objective standards for determining what is beautiful

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aesthetics

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branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge

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epistemology

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concerned with the natural environment and human beings place within it

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Environmental Philosophy

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rightness and wrongness of action; Study of the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions.

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ethics

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Origin and meaning of ethical concepts such as good or bad, issues on universally accepted truths and even people’s justification of their own judgments.

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metaethics

Question 24

Concerned with the setting of certain standards of what is morally right and morally wrong. It also involves the formulation of set values or moral
norms

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normative ethics

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It attempts to apply different theories to different situations in real life such as euthanasia, the death penalty, etc.

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applied ethics

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Forms of rules, standards, or prescriptions that are strictly followed by people. It indicates the society's standard of propriety.

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norms

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Forms of behavior that are relatively or distinctly set away from a norm.

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deviance

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act if formulating an opinion or theory without fully researching or investigating

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speculation

Question 29

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something.

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theory

Question 30

forming of a theory about something

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theorizing

Question 31

It questions, judges, and evaluates any and all principles and premises that may be gained through speculation

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philosophy as critical thinking

Question 32

one mode of critical analysis where philosophical problems are solved through a careful analysis of the logical structure of the philosophical assertion.

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logical

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meanings of words are analyzed for their clarity and consistency with the world

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linguistic

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statement reduced in its simplest form

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elementary sentence

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where the grounds for the belief is deliberately sought and the adequacy to support the belief examined

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reflective thinking

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statement that can be proven true or false: objective

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facts

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beliefs which may or may not be backed up by facts but cannot be proven true or false

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opinion

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analysis based on personal opinions, emotions, etc.

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subjective information

Question 39

based from facts, measurable and observable

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objective information

Question 40

proposition is true if it corresponds to the facts (correspondence to, or with, a fact); Embracing the idea that truth consist in a relation to reality (Empirical)

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correspondence theory

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truth states that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true; The truth of a belief can only consist in its coherence wit omer oellers. trun comes in cecrees

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coherence theory

Question 42

associated with William James. The truth of a statement can be define in terms of the utility of accepting it. Truth is based on the good or practical consequences of an idea. There are things that are false that it may be useful to accept, and conversely there are things that are true that it may be damaging to accept.

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pragmatic theory

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invalid or faulty reasoning; may be created unintentionally or intentionally in order to deceive others

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fallacies

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win support for an argument by exploiting his/her opponents pity

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appeal to pity

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notion is true because it is not yet been proven false vice versa

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APPEAL TO IGNORANCE

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proposition must be true because many people believe it

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appeal to people

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- attacking the person who asserts the argument to disprove his/her claim

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against a person

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double meaning; confusing

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EQUIVOCATION

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generalization based on insufficient evidence

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hasty generalization

Question 50

something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.

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composition

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Involves an inference from the attribution of some feature to an entire class (or whole) to the possession of the same feature by each of its individual members (or parts).

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division

Question 52

The fallacy committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.

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appeal to force

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Concluding that one thing caused another, simply because they are regularly associated.

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false cause

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Any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises.

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begging the question

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A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared.

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circular reasoning

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causes the body to live; animates the body

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soul

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Intangible element that enables us to exercise thought, possess awareness, and the capacity to reach out to the world and to other versons

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spirit

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The power that allows for basics of existence- nourishment, growth, reproduction.

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vegetative soul

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Specific to human beings only and is the soul responsible for reason and thinking.

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INTELLECTUAL/RATIONAL SOUL

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Makes the human experience and does the things that make him a person. Physical acts are no longer purely physical acts because it conveys something from a person's inner world.

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embodiment

Question 61

Plato is known for his theory of ______; states that the mind and body are distin and separable modes

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dualism

Question 62

Aristotle is known for his theory of _____; soul cannot exist apart from the body soul cannot exist independently of body

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monism

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greatest and wealthiest of greek cities

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miletus

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known for his bodily using not-mythological approach

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anaximander

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well known western/greek philosopher

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socrates

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Things in our life that are already given. (acquired through birth)

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limitation facticity

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finite quality of state of existence ("we cannot live forever")

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finitude

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intermediary between us & the physical sense world.

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body

Question 69

refers to the relation of the self to the object-oriented world, as well as our concrete relations with others. Transcendence originated from the words Trans, meaning "go beyond", and scandare, meaning "climb".

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transcendency

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humans are history-making creatures & are not ultimately bounded by facticity.

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historicity

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continuous cycle of birth and death

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samsara

Question 72

Nature of Human Personhood under Dharmic religions it is important to be aware of what are the actions that human should have. It is the sum of person's action and a deciding factor of fate in future existence, this fate will defend on what we are doing whether it is good or bad.

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karma

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Each and everyone needs to be enlightened and we need proper guidelines in achieving them, this signifies the state of enlightenment & oneness according to Brahman.

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moksha

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sub-discipline under environmental philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to the environment.

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environmental ethics

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(Greek: anthropos = human being) - a human centered philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most signiticant entities in the world; superior

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Anthropocentrism

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a philosophical perspective affirming humans ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives towards personal fulfillment.

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humanism

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a variant of orthodox anthropocentrism which recognizes human beings duties towards the environment.

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Enlightened / Prudential Anthropocentrism

Question 78

(Greek: pathos = suffering, pain) - a philosophical point of view that all life is the same origin and humans and animals have the capacity to perceive or feel things.

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panthocentrism

Question 79

a philosophical perspective that holds that Earth's ecology and ecosystems (including its atmosphere, water, land, and all life forms) have intrinsic value.

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ecocentrism

Question 80

study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment

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ecology

Question 81

refers to the structural and functional unit of ecology; interaction between organisms and the surrounding environment.

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ecosystem

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Aldo Leopold - "land ethic", land should be given due respect and love; whole system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone. Parts cannot exist independently of the whole

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holism

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australian philosopher; humans should not cause or inflict pain to animal

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paul singer