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Reproduction year 10 > help me pls > Flashcards

help me pls Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Involves one parent organism, offspring are genetically identical (clones), examples include binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction, no genetic variation.

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Involves two parent organisms, offspring have a combination of genes from both parents, involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg), leads to genetic variation in offspring.

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3
Q

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

A

Diploid (2n) cells have two complete sets of chromosomes, found in somatic cells; Haploid (n) cells have one set of chromosomes, found in gametes.

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4
Q

What are examples of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Binary Fission: A single organism divides into two equal parts
  • Budding: A new organism grows from a part of the parent organism
  • Fragmentation: A parent organism breaks into pieces
  • Vegetative Reproduction: New plants grow from parts of the parent plant.
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5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Faster reproduction rate
  • No need for a mate
  • Efficient in stable environments.
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • No genetic variation
  • Offspring may be vulnerable to diseases or environmental changes.
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7
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Genetic variation in offspring
  • Greater adaptability to changing environments.
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Slower reproduction rate
  • Requires a mate, making it more energy-consuming.
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9
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix shape, composed of nucleotides.

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10
Q

What are the monomers of DNA?

A
  • Sugar: Deoxyribose
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).
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11
Q

What is the composition of human somatic cells?

A

Diploid (2n) with two sets of chromosomes, 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

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12
Q

What is the composition of human gametes?

A

Haploid (n) with one set of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes.

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13
Q

Define a gene.

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.

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14
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions or forms of a gene.

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15
Q

What is a locus?

A

The specific location or position of a gene on a chromosome.

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16
Q

Define genome.

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism.

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17
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

To calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

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18
Q

What is a genotypic ratio?

A

Ratio of the different combinations of alleles.

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19
Q

What is a phenotypic ratio?

A

Ratio of observable traits.

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20
Q

Define homologous pairs.

A

Chromosomes that have the same structure and carry the same types of genes, one inherited from each parent.

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21
Q

What is homozygous?

A

When an individual has two identical alleles for a gene.

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22
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

When an individual has two different alleles for a gene.

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23
Q

Define dominant allele.

A

An allele that expresses its trait even when only one copy is present.

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24
Q

Define recessive allele.

A

An allele that expresses its trait only when two copies are present.

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25
What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
26
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of the alleles it possesses.
27
What is variation in a population?
Differences in traits among individuals.
28
Why is variation important in a population?
* Increases the chances of survival in changing environments * Helps populations adapt to new challenges * Provides a basis for natural selection.
29
What are the phases of mitosis?
* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase.
30
What are the phases of meiosis?
* Prophase I * Metaphase I * Anaphase I * Telophase I * Prophase II * Metaphase II * Anaphase II * Telophase II.
31
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
* Mitosis: Produces 2 identical diploid daughter cells, no genetic variation. * Meiosis: Produces 4 genetically diverse haploid daughter cells, involves two rounds of division.
32
What should you identify when interpreting a graph?
* Axes * Labels * Units.
33
What trends should you analyze in a graph?
* Increasing * Decreasing * No change.
34
What conclusions can be made based on data points in a graph?
* Correlation * Patterns.
35
What happens during mutations?
A mistake is made during copying that changes the sequence ## Footnote Mutations can result from various factors including chance, chemical, physical, and biological damage.
36
What is one cause of mutations related to DNA copying?
Chance ## Footnote Mistakes can occur when DNA is copied to be given to the next generation.
37
What are examples of chemical damage that can cause mutations?
* Carcinogens * Smoking * Alcohol ## Footnote Carcinogens are substances that can lead to cancer and cause genetic mutations.
38
What type of damage can UV radiation and gamma rays cause?
Physical damage ## Footnote These forms of radiation can lead to mutations in DNA.
39
What is a biological cause of mutations mentioned in the text?
Human papillomavirus ## Footnote This virus is linked to cervical cancer and can cause mutations in DNA.
40
What is a gene?
Section of DNA containing the instructions to make a particular protein ## Footnote Genes have specific positions on chromosomes called loci.
41
What is a genome?
Complete DNA sequence of an organism ## Footnote The genome includes all the genetic information necessary for the development and functioning of that organism.
42
What is the gene locus?
Specific position of a gene on a chromosome ## Footnote The plural of locus is loci.
43
What are alleles?
Different versions of a gene ## Footnote Alleles can influence variations in traits.
44
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis ## Footnote Each stage has distinct processes and functions.
45
What happens during interphase?
Preparation for cell division ## Footnote Interphase includes growth and DNA replication.
46
What occurs during prophase in mitosis?
Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane disappears ## Footnote This is the first stage of mitosis.
47
What happens during metaphase in mitosis?
Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane ## Footnote This stage ensures that chromosomes are properly positioned for separation.
48
What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles ## Footnote This is crucial for ensuring each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes.
49
What happens during telophase in mitosis?
Chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelope re-forms ## Footnote This stage prepares the cell for the final division.
50
What is cytokinesis?
Final step where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells ## Footnote Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis.
51
What is the importance of cell cycle checkpoints?
Regulating cell division ## Footnote Checkpoints like G1/S are critical for preventing errors during cell division.
52
What are the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine) ## Footnote Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.
53
What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in DNA?
Important for base pairing within the DNA double helix ## Footnote Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together.
54
What is a complementary DNA sequence?
A sequence that pairs with another DNA sequence, e.g., 'CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA' pairs with 'GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT' ## Footnote Complementary sequences are essential for DNA replication.
55
What are the stages of mitosis?
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis ## Footnote Each stage has specific roles in cell division.
56
What is genetic variation?
Occurs through processes like meiosis and the role of mutations ## Footnote Genetic variation is essential for evolution and adaptation.
57
What do visual aids (diagrams) help illustrate?
Stages of mitosis and meiosis, genetic traits and their inheritance patterns ## Footnote Diagrams provide a visual understanding of complex biological processes.
58
What is the relationship between DNA, proteins, and observable traits?
Understanding this relationship is crucial for grasping genetic expression and inheritance ## Footnote This integration is fundamental in genetics and molecular biology.
59
True or False: Traits can be influenced by both single genes and multiple genes.
True ## Footnote Examples include petal color (single gene) and hair type (multiple genes).
60
Fill in the blank: The chromosomal configuration for males is _____ and for females is _____.
44XY, 44XX ## Footnote This configuration determines the sex of the organism.
61
What is the impact of environmental factors on phenotypic expression?
Interaction between genes and environmental factors ## Footnote This interaction can affect traits such as height and skin color.
62
What are some examples of human traits influenced by genetics?
Dimples, facial freckles, ear lobe attachment ## Footnote These traits demonstrate the diversity of genetic expression in humans.

Reproduction year 10 (1 decks)

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