Help Me Term 2 Crash Part 2 Flashcards
(301 cards)
1
Q
The trachea develops from which of the following?
A) intermediate mesoderm
B) neural tube ectoderm
C) splanchnic mesoderm
D) foregut endoderm
E) somatic mesoderm
A
Foregut endoderm
2
Q
What does the splanchnic mesoderm develop into?
A
Visceral pleura
3
Q
Gas exchange starts to occur at which stage of lung development?
A
Saccular stage
4
Q
The central tendon of the diaphragm develops from which of the following?
A) pleuropericardial fold
B) oesophagotracheal septum
C) septum transversum
D) pleuroperitoneal fold
E) pericardioperitoneal canal
A
Septum transversum
5
Q
Parietal pleura develops from what?
A
Somatic mesoderm
6
Q
4 separate structures of the respiratory system?
A
1) trachea
2) lungs
3) pleura
4) diaphragm
7
Q
What’s the first thing that happens when the resp system is being developed? (2)
A
Somatic/parietal mesoderm folds to surround the splanchnic/visceral mesoderm
Yolk sacs absorbed into primitive gut
8
Q
What does the initial folding of the embryo give rise to?
A
The primitive gut tube
9
Q
What’s the foregut a component of
A
The primitive gut tube
10
Q
The gut tube formed from what
A
The endoderm
11
Q
The endoderm can be spilt into what 3 sections
A
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
12
Q
What happens (resp related) to embryo at 4 weeks?
A
Trachea and lung bud out from primitive foregut (of the endoderm)
13
Q
After the trachea and Lung buds (off the endoderm) are formed, what happens?
A
The trachea and lung buds are closely surrounded by lateral plate splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
So like endoderm surrounded by mesoderm,
But like it’s the trachea surrounded by the lateral plate splanchnic
14
Q
So now that the trachea and lung buds have come out the foregut at 4 weeks, what happens?
A
Septum develops between oesophagus and trachea, completely separating them
15
Q
(Trachea and oesophagus don’t separate)
Fistula And Atresia
A
Fistula = abnormal passage, cuz they haven’t separated
Therefore
Atresia = dead end
Cuz the first half of the passage is attached/ hasn’t separated, so the other end is a dead end
16
Q
How does the pleura develop?
A
1) lung bud was originally in the coelemic cavity, and grows to fill it out
2) lung is then covered in visceral pleura
3) thoracic wall is lined with parietal pleura
4) therefore coelemic cavity is reduced due to the growth of the lung… to become the pleural cavity
17
Q
Where does the pleura develop from?
A
The lateral plate mesoderm
18
Q
How does the pleura develop, in terms of the mesoderm?
A
Buds will push the splanchnic mesoderm towards the somatic mesoderm and be surrounded by both layers
Space = pleural cavity
19
Q
Splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm = what pleura
A
Visceral pleura
20
Q
Somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm = what
A
Parietal pleura
21
Q
The pleural cavity is initially continuous with the pericardial and peritoneal cavity. What is this continuity called
A
The pericardioperitoneal canal
22
Q
Why does the pericardioperitoneal canal need to be sealed off
A
So that the pleural cavity is a closed space, for correct ventilators pleural cavity pressure
23
Q
How is the pericardioperitoneal canal sealed off
A
The formation of pleuropericardial folds, which are then lined by somatic mesoderm
24
Q
What seals off the pleural cavity from the pericardial cavity
A
pleuropericardial folds,
25
When does gas exchange begin?
The saccular stage (27-40 weeks)
When there is the formation of alveolar sacs, primitive alveoli, and surfactanr
26
What gives the glassy appearance in respiratory distress syndrome
Debris of blood elements accumulate
Cuz remember it’s caused by surfactant deficiency, so there is partial collapse of alveoli, and therefore blood elements accumulate
27
What’s lung agenesis
Failure of lung bud to develop- maybe due to insufficient mesoderm
28
What’s pulmonary hypoplasia
Incomplete development of the lungs, so abnormally low number or size of bronchi pulmonary segments or alveoli
29
What closes off the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen?
Pleuroperitoneal folds/membranes forming the diaphragm
30
The diaphragm develops from what 4 mesodermal structures
Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal folds
Skeletal muscle from peripheral body wall
Dorsal mesentry of the oesophagus
31
Diaphragm from what
Mesoderm
32
What does the septal transversum form?
The central tendon of the diaphragm
33
The pleuroperitoneal folds- how is this involved with formation of the diaphragm?
(They’re somatic mesodermal)
fuse with the septum transversum to close off the pleuroperitoneal canals, to separate the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity
34
The pleuropericardial folds fuse with the septum transversum. Failure for this to happen results in what
Herniation of abdominal contents, into the thorax
35
The pleuropericardial folds carry what nerves
The lower intercostal nerves to supply the periphery of the diaphragm
36
Skeletal muscle ingrowth does what in the formation of the diaphragm
Grow inwards to cover the pleuropericardial folds and form the muscular part of the diaphragm
37
What nerve for muscular part of the diaphragm (that grows inwards to cover the pleuropericardial folds)
Phrenic nerve
38
The dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus: what does this do in the formation of the diaphragm (2)
The dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus attaches the embryo logical oesophagus to the posterior thoracic wall.
Skeletal muscle from the periphery covers the dorsal mesentery to form the diaphragmatic crura
39
How is the diaphragmatic crura formed?
Skeletal muscle from the periphery covers the dorsal mesentery, to form the diaphragmatic crura
40
Weak areas in developed diaphragm could lead to abnormalities. What about the oesophageal hiatus?
Could lead to a hiatus hernia
41
What could happen if the diaphragm doesn’t completely close during development?
Protrusion of an organ through the muscle/ structure that usually contains it
Eg small intestine, pushing lungs and heart to the right, leading to pulmonary hypoplasia
42
Hiatus hernia might =
Small intestine, pushing lungs and heart to the right, leading to what
pulmonary hypoplasia
43
What’s the sympathetic innervation of the lung?
T1-4/5 of spinal cord, via rani communicates, to reach sympathetic trunk, where they synapse in the upper thoracic chain
44
Which nerves constrict the bronchial smooth muscle?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of the cholinergic nerves cause bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, bronchial vasodilation
i believe that's vagus but i'm not sure
45
Where does the trachea receive sensory innervation from?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
46
Venous drainage of trachea? (3)
Brachiocephalic
Azygous
Accessory hemiazygous
47
Where does the bronchi get its innervation from?
Pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve
Bronchial arteries
Bronchial veins
48
The bronchi = innervation from Vagus
The trachea = innervation from recurrent laryngeal.
Where does the recurrent laryngeal come from?
It’s a branch off the vagus
49
What’s the innervation of the parietal and visceral pleura?
Parietal = intercostal and phrenic
Intercostal nerves provide innervation to costal pleura and peripheral diaphragmatic pleura
Visceral = pulmonary plexus- network of nerves from both the sympathetic trunk and the vagus nerve
50
What’s the visceral pleura innervated by?
Pulmonary plexus
(a network of nerves derived from the sympathetic trunk, and vagus nerve).
51
Where does the breast drain
Axillary, parasternak, abdominal lymph nodes
52
What are intercostal muscles innervated by?
Ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerve
53
What nerve innervates the visceral pleura of the lung? Vs parietal pleura?
Visceral = vagus nerve
Parietal = phrenic nerve
54
In addition to the pulmonary and systemic circulations, what two other sub/micro circulations are there? (One blood, one not)
Hepatic portal circulation
Lymphatic system
55
The mediastinum is divided into a superior and inferior mediastinum. What’s the inferior mediastinum subdivided into?
Inferior mediastinum into anterior, middle, and posterior.
56
Which organs are contained in the mediastinum?
All the thoracic organs except the lungs
57
The pericardium is attached to what bony structure?
The sternum
58
What is the heart attached to inferiorly?
The central tendon of the diaphragm.
59
Which costal cartilages are anatomically ‘related’ to the heart?
Costal cartilages 4-7
60
Posterior anatomical relations of the heart?
Oesophagus and descending aorta
61
Lateral anatomical relations to the heart? (Hint: think big AND small (2) )
Pleura
Phrenic nerves
62
How many border has the heart got
4
63
How many surfaces has the heart got?
3
64
The heart lies anterior to which vertebrae?
T5-T8
(Middle 4) but like, just remember t5-8
65
The heart lies inferior to which costal cartilages?
(The sternum) and
Costal cartilages 4-7
66
The apex of the heart is formed by what part of the heart
The left ventricle
67
The apex of the heart is at which intercostal space?
5th in the midclavicular line
68
Right border is mainly from what part of the heart
Right atrium
69
Left border is made of what part of the heart?
Left ventricle
70
Superior border is made of what part of the heart?
Auricles and great vessels
71
Inferior border of the heart is made up of which part of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
72
What’s the anterior/sternocostal surface made up of?
1/3 right atrium
2/3 right ventricle, and left ventricle
73
Inferior (diaphragmatic) surface = what
Right ventricle and left ventricle
74
Posterior surface (base) of the heart is made up of what?
Left atrium (base)
75
Upper left of the heart (surface anatomy ONLY) reaches which rib?
Second rib
76
Surface anatomy of the heart only, right side reaches which rib?
3rd
To 6th
77
How many pericardia are there?
Fibrous and serous
78
What’s the fibrous pericardia
Dense connective tissue sac
79
What’s the serous pericardium split into?
Outer parietal layer
Inner visceral layer
80
Where’s the pericardial cavity?
Between the parietal and visceral layer, and it’s filled with fluid
So that’s the serous pericardium
81
What’s the epicardium?
It’s the innermost layer of the serous pericardia
It’s the inner visceral layer
82
There are two layers of the serous pericardia : parietal and visceral. Are they separate?
No
Continuous
Like a ballooooooooon
83
Deep to superficial, explain the surface of the heart:
Endo
Myo
Epi (visceral peri/serous)
Pericardial cavity
Pari peri (serous)
Fibrous peri
84
What’s see to the epicardium? (2)
The endocardium AND the myocardium
85
What’s the serous pericardial surface of the heart- which is superficial to the endocardium, and the myocardium?
Epicardium (visceral)
Cavity
Parietal pleura
86
What’s superficial to the serous pericardia?
The fibrous pericardia
87
Purpose of fluid in pericardial cavity
To prevent friction
88
Is the epicardium part of the heart?
Yes, the visceral layer…. Most external layer
89
Vat do coronary arteries do?
Supply blood to the heart muscle
90
Two main coronary arteries?
R and l coronary artery
91
What does the right coronary artery divide into?
Right posterior descending artery (goes around the back)
Acute marginal artery (small part at the front)
92
Right posterior descending artery (goes around the back)
Acute marginal artery (small part at the front)
These are all from the right coronary artery. What part of the heart is supplied?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
and da nodes
93
What does the left coronary artery divide into?
Left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery
94
Left coronary artery > Left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery
Supply blood to where?
Left atrium and left ventricle
95
Coronary veins bring deoxygenated blood back to where
Right atrium
96
Deox blood goes back to right atrium via what
Coronary sinus
Unless anterior vein which goes direct to RA
97
What branches off the coronary sinus? (4)
Small cardiac vein, from RA and RV
Middle vein from RV
Posterior vein from LV
Great cardiac vein (comes from front of the heart) from RV, LV, and LA
98
What coronary vein exists that doesn’t come off the coronary sinus?
Anterior vein
Goes directly to right atrium
99
Where does the small cardiac vein drain?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
100
Where does the middle cardiac vein drain?
Right ventricle
101
Where does the posterior cardiac vein drain?
Drains LV
102
What does the great cardiac vein drain?
R and L V, and LA
103
What does the anterior vein drain?
A small portion of the anterior surface of the right ventricle
104
Name the two major solcus
Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
Interventricular sulcus
105
Where does the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus lie?
Between atria and ventricles
106
Where does the inter ventricular sulcus lie?
Between right and left ventricles
107
What’s an anastomosis?
A Junction of vessels
108
Where does the right coronary artery arise from?
The right aortic sinus of ascending aorta
109
Where does the right coronary artery give off the right marginal artery?
At inferior margin of the heart
110
On which surface of the heart does the right coronary artery give off the posterior descending artery?
Posterior surface of the heart
111
Which sulcus does the right coronary artery run?
Coronary/atrioventricular sulcus
112
Where does the left coronary artery arise from?
From left aortic sinus of the ascending aorta
113
In which sulcus does the left coronary artery run?
Coronary sulcus
114
The left coronary artery divides almost immediately into which branches?
Left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery
115
The left anterior descending artery (which is a branch off the left coronary artery- which is in the coronary sulcus) runs in which sulcus?
Inter-ventricular sulcus
116
What arteries are involved in the anastomosis? (X2)
Anterior and posterior inter ventricular arteries
Circumflex and right coronary artery
117
The anastomoses connect branches from the right and left
Trye
118
Where does the circumflex travel?
Circumflex is from the left coronary artery
It bends around the back of the heart, in the coronary groove
119
What surface of the heart does the anastomoses occur?
Posterior surface of the heart
120
The great cardiac vein lies along which artery?
Left anterior descending/inter-ventricular artery
121
Left circumflex artery supplies
La
Lv
122
Left anterior descending artery supplies
RV
LV
Interventricular septum
123
Left marginal artery supplies?
Left ventricle
124
Right marginal artery supplies?
Right ventricle
Apex
125
The middle cardiac vein anastomoses with which vein?
Great cardiac vein
So great on the front
Middle on the back, but anastomoses on the front
126
The anastomoses between the great and the middle cardiac vein, occurs on the anterior or posterior surface?
(Knowing that the great vein is on the anterior surface)
Anterior surgace
127
The middle cardiac vein lies alongside which artery?
The post inter-ventricular artery
128
The small cardiac vein lies alongside which artery
Right marginal artery
129
Which artery does the coronary sinus lie alongside by?
Circumflex artery
130
The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium , true or false
True
131
The anterior cardiac veins drain into what
Directly into the right atrium
132
Very small anterior cardiac veins drain where?
Directly into the right strium
133
We know that the heart has intrinsic contraction via the purkinje cells in the SA and AV nodes. But is the extrinsic contraction as well?
Yah
134
the intrinsic conduction of the heart can be controlled by which nerves? (Generally speaking)
Extrinsic nerves
135
During a heart attack, why does pain radiate to the inner surface of the upper arm?
Because they share spinal nerves
Both the heart, visceral layer of the serous pericardium, and the inner surface of the upper arm share innervation from t1-4 sympathetic ganglia
136
Which nerve is carries pain, and innervates the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
137
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
innervates the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
138
Which nerves are involved in changing heart rate?
Vagus
Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia (T1-4)
139
Which nerve innervates the heart to decrease heart rate?
Vagus
140
If vagus is para, what’s Sympa for the heart
Sympathetic cardiac nerves
Cervical and upper thoracic (t1-4)
141
What do the sympathetic ganglia innervate in the heart anyways?
Heart muscle
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
142
What does the vagus innervate (heart)
Heart muscle
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
143
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium
144
What does the sympathetic innervation of the heart actually do?
Increase heart rate
Increase force of contraction
145
What’s an enlarged heart called and most common reason for it?
Cardiomegaly
Cardiac failure
146
Dextrocardia?
Heart completely the wrong way around
147
What does the heart lie against posteriorly?
Oesophagus
148
What openings are in the right atrium? (3)
IVC
SVC
Coronary Sinus
149
How many auricles are in the heart?
2
150
Purpose of auricle
To increase capacity of atrium, and so also increase the volume of blood that it is able to contain
Basically a muscular pouch
151
Where is the right auricle in the right atrium?
Extending from the antero-medial portion of the chamber
152
The interior surface of the right atrium can be divided into two parts by a muscular ridge called
Crista terminalis
153
The fossa ovalis of the interatrial septum of the heart is a remnant of which embryonic structure?
Foramen ovale
154
What’s the foramen ovale
Of fetal heart
Allows right to left shunting of blood to bypass the lungs
It closes once the newborn talked its first breath
155
What is the solid muscular wall that separates left and right atria called?
The interatrial septum
156
What does the fossa ovalis look like?
A small oval shaped depression
157
Which is adult, foramen ovale or fossa ovalis?
Fossa ovalis
158
Foramen ovalis was in the fetal heart
False
Foramen ovale
159
Finish this… of adult heart we see the fossa
Ovalis
160
What’s patent Foramen ovale
An atrial septal defect, an abnormal opening in the interatrial septum, in the Foramen ovale
I’m saying Foramen ovale cuz it’s a baby issue, but yes, continues into adulthood of the fossa ovalis
161
What’s the right atrioventricular orifice
Where blood is pumped through, guarded by the tricuspid valve, (into the right ventricle)
162
What’s the left atrioventricular orifice guarded by
The mitral valve
163
Where does the left auricle extend from?
Superior aspect of the chamber, overlapping the root of the pulmonary trunk
164
Location of coronary sinus?
Between inferior vena cava orifice, and right atrioventricular orifice
165
Interior surface of the left atrium can be split into the inflow portion and the outflow portion. What is the embryo logical origin?
Inflow: derived from the pulmonary veins themselves
Outflow: derived from the embryonic atrium
166
Inflow portion of the left atrium includes the left auricle
False
Outflow includes the left auricle
167
What is the outflow portion of the left atrium lined by
Pectinate muscles
168
What’s the supraventricular crest (3)
A muscular ridge
Found in the right ventricle
Separates the inflow and outflow portion of the ventricle
169
The inflow part of the right ventricle is covered by a series of irregular muscular elevations- what are these called
trabecular carnae
170
What do the papillary muscles attach to?
Fibrous cords called the chordae tendinae
171
What do the chordae tendinae attach to
Tricuspid valve cusps
172
How is prolapse of the valve leaflets prevented during ventricular systole?
Papillary muscles pull on the chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets.
173
How is the outflow portion of the right ventricle visibly different to the rest of the right ventricle?
Smooth walls
No trabeculae carneae
174
Outflow portion of the right ventricle leads to what
Pulmonary artery
175
What is the outflow portion (corpus arteriousus) of the right ventricle derived from?
The embryonic bulbus cord is
176
The Interventricular septum separates the two ventricles, it’s made up of two parts, what are they?
Superior membranous part
Inferior muscular part
177
Interventricular septum has a membranous part, and an inferior muscular part.
(Separates ventricles)
Which part forms the majority of the septum? Which part is part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Muscular part is the majority of the septum and is the same thickness as the left ventricular wall.
The membranous part = fibrous skeleton of the hearts
178
Inflow portion of the left ventricule is lined by what
Trabecular carnae
179
The outflow part of the left ventricle is known as what
The aortic vestibule
180
Outflow part of the left ventricle is known as the aortic vestibule. Is the derivative of what embryonic part
Bulbus cordis
181
What’s the crest in the right atrium called
Crista terminalis
182
How many papillary muscles in the right ventricle?
x3
183
Purpose of trabeculae carnae?
Probably to prevent suction
184
Where is the moderator band? (2)
It’s in the right ventricle
Stretches from the ventricular septum to the anterior wall
185
Purpose of the moderator band of the right ventricle
Holds anterior wall, keeps it from over expanding
Also has important conductive function, containing the right bundle branches
186
What does the moderator band conduct?
Impulses from the bundle of His to the right ventricular wall
187
4 things in the hearts conducting system?
Sinoatrial nose
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
Purkinje fibres
188
Sequence of heart conduction??
Signal conduction created by SA node
Spreads across atria, causing them to contract
Reached AV node therefore DELAYS
Conducted down bundle of His in septum
Purkinje fibres and bundle of His spread the wave impulses along the ventricles, causing them to contract
189
Parasympathetic decreases during node of the SA node, and is the vagus nerve
Trueeee
190
Sympathetic nervous system increases firing rate if SA node, and is cervical and upper thoracic ganglia (T1-4)
Yes
191
Where is the AV node located
Near the opening of the coronary sinus
192
Where’s the coronary sinus located?
Right atrium
193
The AV node acts to delay the impulses by approximately how much
120ms
194
The bundle of his has three branches?
No, has two
Right bundle branch- conducts the impulse to the purkinje fibres of the right ventricle
Left bundle branch- conducts the impulse to the purkinje fibres of the left ventricle
195
What are the purkinje fibres architecturally?
A network of specialised cells, abundant with glycogen, and have extensive gap junctions
196
Where are the purkinje fibres located in the ventricular walls?
In the subendocardial surface, can transmit action potentials from bundle of His to the myocardium of the ventricles
197
How are pacemakers connected to the heart?
Wires, through the venous system
198
Most common indicator for a pacemaker?
Bradycardia
Once inserted, the pacemaker monitors the heart rate, and only fires of the rate becomes too slow
199
Papillary muscles, how many?
3 on the right side (tricuspid)
2 on the left side (mitral valve)
200
The left atrium has how many openings for veins?
4
L and r superior pulmonary veins
L and r inferior pulmonary veins
201
The left atrium lies wholly postero-superiorly against the what
Oesophagus
202
Which a or v forms the base of the heart
Left atrium forms the posterior surface of the hwaft
203
How does the wall of the left ventricle compare to the right ventricle wall?
Wall of left 3 times as thick as right ventricular wall
204
Which a or v forms the apex of the heart?
The left ventricle
205
How many valve cusps on the left ventricle?
2 (biscuspid)
206
Where is the trabecular carnae located?
Only the ventricles
207
Once signal through bundle of His, then impulses will go down p fibres, and then what layers?
Through myocardium, then to the epicardium
208
Aortic valve listen where?
Right 2nd intercostal space next to the sternum
209
Pulmonary valve listen where?
Left 2nd intercostal space next to the sternum
210
Tricuspid valve listen where?
Left 5th intercostal space next to the sternum
211
Mitral valve listen where?
Left 5th intercostal space and midclavicular line?
212
Apex bear palpated where?
5th left intercostal space , mid clavicular
213
Explain to me the branches of the superior vena cava?
Right: right brachiocephalic, off that is right internal and external jugular veins, becomes right subclavian
Left: left brachiocephalic, off that is left internal and external jugular vein, becomes left subclavian vein
214
Brachiocephalic > internal and external jugular > Brachiocephalic becomes right subclavian
Is this true for both left and right?
Yes
215
What branches of superior vena cava, and travels down inferiorly? (On the right)
Azygous vein
216
On both sides, the brachiocephalic becomes the subclavian after the two jugular branches. But BEFORE the jugular branches, there’s a branch off the superior vena cava, what are these two branches (travel inferiorly, lateral to the azygous)
The internal thoracic veins
217
What do the internal thoracic veins give off?
Anterior thoracic veins
218
What gives off the right posterior thoracic intercostal veins?
The RIGHT posterior thoracic intercostal veins are given off by azygous vein
219
What gives off the left thoracic intercostal veins? (2)
The accessory hemi-azygous vein and the azygous vein
These both come of the azygous
220
Which artery lies alongside the internal thoracic vein, (which ends up giving of anterior thoracic veins, whilst the azygous gives off the posterior thoracic veins)
The internal thoracic artery
221
What do the anterior intercostal veins anastomose with?
The posterior intercostal veins
Same with the arteries
222
The thoracic duct follows the course of what vein
Azygous vein
223
Subclavian artery arises from what?
Aortic arch
224
Subclavian artery becomes what
Axillary
225
When does subclavian artery become axillary?
Lateral border of 1st rib
226
Axillary artery becomes what artery in the upper arm?
Brachial
227
Brachial artery divides into what
Radial and ulnar in the cubical fossa
228
Radial and ulnar give off what arteries in the palm?
Digital arteries
229
The subclavian vein branches into what
Axillary (becomes basilic) and cephalic
230
Early on branch of the axillary vein?
Brachial vein
231
So the subclavian becomes the cephalic and the basilic. Which is lateral and which is medial.
The basilic (from axillary) is the medial
The cephalic is the lateral vein
232
Which vein connects the cephalic and basilic across the cubical fossa?
Medial cubical vein
233
Which vein from the upper limb do you take blood from?
The median cubital vein, which connects cephalic and basilic across the cubital fossa
234
Aorta leads to external iliac. In the anterior thigh, this becomes what
common femoral
235
What does the common femoral artery give off (2 branches)
Deep femoral and superficial femoral
236
What does the superficial femoral artery become
Popliteal
237
What does the popliteal artery (which came off the superficial femoral) become? (2)
Anterior and posterior tibial
238
Posterior tibial (from popliteal) artery gives off a branch, then continues medically down to plantar surface of the foot. What does it give off?
The fibular
(used to be known as the peroneal)
239
Anterior tibial (from the popliteal) continues down anteriorly to what, to become what
Dorsum of the foot, to become the dorsalis pedis
240
The anterior tibial continues to the dorsum of the foot, to become the dorsalis pedis between which toes?
1st and 2nd
241
Where do the superficial veins arise from?
Dorsal arch of the foot
242
Long/great saphenous vein travels up the limb medically to drain into what bigger vein
Femoral
243
Short/ small saphenous vein drains into what ‘larger’ vein
Popliteal
244
Basic structure of a blood vessel
Basic structure of blood vessels:
1) tunica intima
2) tunica media
3) tunica external
245
Endocardium is the same as the tunica intima
True
246
Endocardium and tunica intima is what structurally
Endothelium and basement membrane and connective tissue
247
Myocardium and tunica media are the same, what is it structurally
Muscle and elastic tissue
248
Epicardium is the same as
Tunica external (adventitia)
But the epicardium has epithelium as well as fibrous connective tissue, whereas the tunica externa/adventitia is just fibrous connective tissue
249
What’s the tunica media of a blood vessel made of
Muscle and elastic tissue
250
The endocardium is what type of cell
Simple squamous epithelium sitting on a basement membrane, and on connective tissues
251
The heart chambers are lined by what?
Endocardium
252
The valves are made of what
Endocardium
253
The epicardium is the inner layer of the heart wall
False outer,
Then it’s peri cavity, then parietal
Then fibrous pericardium
254
In which layer of the heart is main branches of coronary arteries located
Epicardium
255
Architecturally what’s the epicardium made of
Simple squamous epithelium and basement membrane and connective tissues
256
Artery vs vein had a thin vs thick adventitia
Artery = thin adventitia
Vein = thick adventitia
257
What are valves
To prevent back flow
Basically endothelial projections into lumen
258
What are the three types of arteries?
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
259
Three examples of elastic arteries
They’re large conducting arteries….
Aorta
Common carotid
Pulmonary
260
Radial, femoral, coronary arteries, are what type of arteries?
Muscular
261
“Pressure reservoir” describes which type of artery
Elastic arteries eg aorta
262
Recoil of elastic arteries is due to presence of what
Extensive amounts of elastic fibres in the tunica media
263
Elastic fibres in arteries are secreted by what
Smooth muscle cells
264
Layers of elastic fibres (eg in tunica media of elastic arteries) are called what
Laminae
265
Purpose of muscular arteries
Controls distribution of blood (vs elastic which is pressure reservoir)
266
Is there elastic laminae in tunica media of muscular arteries eg femoral?
No
267
Thick tunica media of muscular arteries has what cells
Smooth muscle cells
268
Elastic fibres in muscular arteries are concentrated in what sheets
(Epithelium)
Internal elastic lamina
(Then tunica media)
External elastic lamina
(Then tunica adventitia)
269
Are there elevator fibre sheets in arterioles? Like there are in muscular arteries? (Internal and external elastic lamina)
No
270
Is there tunica Adventitia in arterioles?
No
271
There is rich sympathetic nerve innervation in arterioles
True
272
Arterioles control blood pressure
True
273
Arterioles control blood flow to capillary beds
True
274
Why is there no tunica media, or tunica Adventitia, and only very thin tunica intima in capillaries?
Because main exchange site for nutrients
275
When is the tunica adventitia lost?
In arterioles
276
What are pericytes?
Incomplete layers of cells surrounding the capillary, have contractile properties which control blood flow
277
Blood pressure in capillaries is high
No los
278
Three types of capillaries?
Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous
279
How does material pass through a continuous capillary? (Eg they’re in muscle)
Must pass through the cell, or between cell (junctions control)
280
Continuous capillary and control?
They can control what is exchanged
281
Why called Fenestrated capillary, and where?
They have Fenestrations (or pores)
Eg endocrine glands
282
Discontinuous capillaries called why
Gaps between endothelial cells (and BM)
Therefore allow free passage of fluid and cells
283
Discontinuous capillaries where example? (3)
Liver, spleen, bone marrow
284
Where are sinusoids found
Where large amount of exchange takes place eg liver
285
What are sinusoids
Large diameter type of discontinuous capillaries
286
The t. Intima of sinusoids contain what
Phagocytic cells
287
Purpose of arteriovenous (AV) shunts
To bypass capillary beds eg in skin for thermoregulation
288
Lumen of veins and Venules is smaller than arteries
False
Larger
289
Histologically, veins and venues have thin tunica intima, media, and adventitia
Yea
290
Superficial veins have surrounding support, but deep veins don’t
False
Deep veins have surrounding support, superficial veins dont
291
Surrounding support for deep veins, is in the form of what
Deep fascia and muscles
292
Which has thick walls, which has thin, superficial or deep veins?
Deep = thin walled
Superficial = thick walled
293
Where does the lymphatic system drain into?
The systemic venous system
294
Lymphatic system drains tissue fluid lost from where
Capilaries
295
Flow in lymphatics are directed by pressure differences
No
VALVES
296
What are lymph capillaries
Blind ended capillaries, lined by very thin endothelium
297
Are there red blood cells in the lumen of lymph capillaries
No
298
Purpose of anchoring filaments in lymph capillaries
Anchoring filaments- fine collagenous filaments, link endothelial cell to surrounding tissue, keeping lumen open.
299
Nerve supply of blood vessels?
Sympathetic and para
300
Blood supply to blood vessels is in the form of what?
Vasa vasorum
301
Lymphatics of blood vessels is in what layer?
Tunica adventitia
