Helping Relationships

Question 1

Psychoanalytic Therapy: Major Figure
Sigmund Freud
A medical model (biological bases)

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud learned the “talking cure” (his cathartic method) from Jean-Martin Charcot and Josef Breuer. He went on to theorize the personality structure of the id, ego and superego as well as the existence of an unconscious mind which resides under or behing the conscious and preconscious mends.

Question 2

Goals of psychoanalytic Counselor

Answer 2

1) . Bring the client’s unconscious to the conscious.
2) . Help the client work through repressed conflicts.
3) Help the client reach intellectural awareness.
4) . Help the client restructure his or her basic personality.

Question 3

Freud’s Structure of personality

Answer 3

1) . ID- is the original system of personality and the primary source of psychic energy and the seat of instincts. It is the seat of the libido and is ruled by the pleasure principle. The id has no sense of time, never matures, and is chaotic.
2) . EGO- functions to contact the real world. It balances between the impulses of the ID and the Superego’s control.
3) . SUPEREGO- Is the moral branch of the personality. It represents the ideal rather than the real and strives for perfection. It represents the traditional values and the ideals of society. It rewards through feelings of pride and self love; it punishes through the feelings of guilt and inferiority. Freud believed that successfully resolving the Oedipus complex gives rise to the superego.

Question 4

sexual and aggressive impulses are foundational to actions and to personality development

Answer 4

Oedipus Complex- son’s attractions for his mother.

Electra Complex- Daughter’s attraction for her father.

Question 5

Freud: Role of Anxiety

Answer 5

Anxiety develops as a result of conflict between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. When the EGO cannot control the anxiety by rational and direct methods. It relies on ego defenses mechanisms to help cope.

Question 6

Three kinds of anxiety are the following:

Answer 6

1) Real
2) Neurotic
3) Moral

Question 7

Techniques Specfic to the psychoanalytic Model

Answer 7

1) INTERPRETATION- helping the client gain INSIGHT into both past and present events.
2) . DREAM ANALYSIS- interpreting the MANIFEST (obvious) and LATENT (hidden) meaning of drams.
3) ANALYSIS of RESISTANCE- helping the client understand the basis for hestiation or stopping progress in therapy.
4) FREE ASSOCIATION- verbalizing whatever comes to mind, even if trivial.
5) ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE- the clients transfer or attributes issues from prior significant authority figures onto the counselor.

Question 8

Freud authored:

Answer 8

The Interpretation of Dreams, often called, “the bible of psychoanalysis” in 1900.

Question 9

Freud: Little HANS

Answer 9

Freud used his constructs of the OEDIPAL complex and castration anxiety to explain the fear of a five year old boy named Little Hans.
Little HANS was afraid to go into the streets where he thought a horse might bite hm.

Question 10

Freud Daniel Schreber

Answer 10

Freud analysis the diary of Daniel Schreber, a mental patient for 9 years, and came to the the conclusion that Schreber’s paranoia grew out of unconscious homosexual feelings.

Question 11

Ego defense mechanism

DISPLACEMENT

Answer 11

means displacing or directing emotions onto a person/object other than the one that orginally aroused the emotion.
EXAMPLE: an employee, who is continualy ridiculed by her boss, builds up tremendous resentment but verbally attacks family members instead of her boss, who might fire her.

Question 12

Ego defense mechanism

RATIONALIZATION

Answer 12

is justifying behavior to oneself and to others with well thought-out and socially acceptable but fictitous reasons for certain behaviors. This is not just lying; its a matter of habit and intensity.
EXAMPLE: A high school student explains away her failing of an algebra exam by saying “I really don’t see why I have to take this course. I don’t need it to graduate and that teacher just sits there and doesn’t explain anything.

Question 13

Ego defense mechanism

COMPENSATION

Answer 13

means attempting to overcome the anxiety associated with a feeling of inferiority in one area by concentrating on another where the person can excel. This may be healthy and constructive; it may be avoidance.
EXAMPLE: A woman who cannot bear children becoming overly attached to pets.

Question 14

Ego defense mechanism

PROJECTION

Answer 14

entails attributing to another person feelings and ideas that are unacceptable so that other person seems to have these feelings and ideas.
EXAMPLE: Feeling like a coward in handling a situation but blaming the outcome on the cowardice of the other person.

Question 15

Ego defense mechanism

REACTION FORMATION

Answer 15

involves the exaggerating and openly displaying a trait that is the opposite of the tendencies that we do not want to recognize (traits that have been repressed).
EXAMPLE: people who act like they are against watchin porn but really have hidden desires.

Question 16

Ego defense mechanism

DENIAL

Answer 16

Means of failing or refusing to acknowledge or to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
EXAMPLE: Ignoring signs of a heart attack

Question 17

Ego defense mechanism

REPRESSION

Answer 17

Is an unconcious process of blocking urges, forbidden or dangerous desires, or traumatic experiences from consciousness.
The most basic defense mechanism according to
FREUD.
SUPRESSION is a conscious process.

Question 18

Ego defense mechanism

Regression

Answer 18

consists of reverting to pattern of feelings, thinking, or behavior appropriate to an earlier stage of development
EXAMPLE: A grown adult acting very childish when sick in an attempt to have those around them provide greater care.

Question 19

Ego defense mechanism

SUBLIMATION

Answer 19

Is the redirecting of unacceptable impulses into socially and culturally acceptable channels.
EXAMPLE: Ones needs for approval leading to an interest in theatre production.

Question 20

Ego defense mechanism

INTROJECTION

Answer 20

Is the taking in, absorbing or incoporating into oneself the standards and values of another person.
EXAMPLE: the abused child who becomes the abusive parent.

Question 21

Catharsis/ Abreaction

Answer 21

Purging of emotions and feelings by giving them expressions.

Question 22

Adlerian therapy or Individual Psychology

Answer 22

Alfred Adler
Rudolf Dreikurs- was a student of Adler who eventually brought the child guidance center concept to the US.
Donald Dinkmeyer

Question 23

Goals of adlerian Treatment

Answer 23

1) to help the client develop a health self-esteem and lifestyle through reeducation and restructuring
2) to question and challenge clients’ perceptions of self and life beliefs and goals
3) to help the client cultivate healthy social interests
4) to provide encouragement toward meaningful goals.

Question 24

adlerian techniques

Answer 24

1) Collecting life history information
2) interpretation
3) confrontation
4) encouragement
5) asking “the question”
6) “spitting in the client’s soup”- the counselor states the real purpose of a behavior; the client may then continue the behavior but only with the awareness of the true motivation.
7) task setting
8) “catching oneself”- the client learns to recognize self-destructive behavior and to stop it.
9) acting “as if”- behaving as if the problem is solved or the goal is achieved.
10) paradox- acting in an exaggerated way regarding a feared behavior or event; Alder was on the first to rely on paradox as a technique.

Question 25

Carl Jung Analytical psychology Made up of archetypes AMINA and ANIMUS

Answer 25

Humans have both feminine and mascline characteristics. Jung believed that society encourages ment ot deny their feminine side and women to deny their masculine side.

Question 26

Jung | Logos and eros principle

Answer 26

Men operate on the logic or logos principle Woman operate on intuition or the eros principle

Question 27

Jung | Persona

Answer 27

Public self

Question 28

Jung | Shadow

Answer 28

Repressed self

Question 29

Jung Extroversion and intorversion Polarities within humans

Answer 29

Introversion- is a turning in towards oneself as the main source of pleasure Extroversion- seeks pleasure and satisfication in others.

Question 30

Jung | The Bipolar personality types used:

Answer 30

in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are assoicated with the work of Jung.

Question 31

Erikson's eight life stages | Psychosocial

Answer 31

Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust (Hope) Toddler: Autonomy vs Shame (will power) Preschool: Initiative vs Guilt (Purpose) Elementary: Industry vs Inferiority (Competence) Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion (fidelity) Young/Early adult: Intimacy vs Isolation (love) - Sharing one's life with other VS I'm the only one I can depend on. Middle adult: Generativity vs Stagnation (care) - The productive ability to create a career, family, leisure time, etc VS self- absorption Later adult ego: Integrity vs despair (wisdom) Life has been worthwhile VS life's precious opportunities have been wasted.

Question 32

Harry Stack Sullivan | Modes of experiences involved in ego formation

Answer 32

Protaxic: Infancy; infant has no concept of time and place. Parataxic: Early childhood; the child accepts what is without questioning or evaluating and reacts on an unrealistic basis. Syntaxic: Later childhood; the child is able to evaluate his/her own thoughts and feelings against those of others and learns about relationship patterns in society.

Question 33

Existential/Humanistic Therapy: | Being in the world

Answer 33

refers to the unique way the client experiences self and the world and gives directions to life. This being in the world is accepted as real, meaningful, and legitimate. Unwelt- refers to the behaviors of grounded in the PHYSICAL: human biology (sleeping, eating, excreting, copulating) Mitwelt: refers to the interpersonal RELATIONSHIPS in which there is sharing or encounter, which seeks to prevent or to alleviate feelings of loneliness or aloneness and to enrich life. Eigenwelt: refers to behaviors of self awareness, self evaluation, and SELF IDENTITY, which attempt to make one's life meaningful

Question 34

Figures of Existential/ Humanistic therapy

Answer 34

Abraham Maslow Rollo May Victor Frankl

Question 35

Existential/ Humanistic therapy | Victor Frankl

Answer 35

is the founder of LOGOTHERAPY which can be defined as meaning-centered psychotherapy. Frankl believed that there are three ways to discover meanining in one's life: By doing a deed By experiencing a value By suffering Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning

Question 36

Existential/ Humanistic therapy | Martin Buber

Answer 36

Coined the term "I-thou" meaning a horizontal equal relationship with others.

Question 37

Person centered therapy

Answer 37

Carl Rogers Three core conditions of the therapist: 1) congruence ( genuineness)- ther counselor is aware of and accurately expresses his or her own feelings; is authentic and genuine. 2) unconditional positive regard; the counselor accepts the client without judgement. 3) accurate empathy- the counselor truly understands the thoughts and feelings of the client. This is a nondirective approach emphasizes REFLECTION OF EMOTIONAL CONTENT and NON JUDGEMENTAL.

Question 38

Person centered counselors would use any of the following:

Answer 38

1) reflection 2) active listening 3) confrontation 4) open ended questions 5) summarization 6) clarification 7) support 8) reassurance

Question 39

Gestalt Therapy

Answer 39

Fritz Pearl Five layers of neuroses: 1) Phony layer- not authentic, playing games, playing roles, following sterotypes. 2) Phobic layer- emotional pain resulting from denying parts of self is avoided; self acceptance is resisted; fear of rejection 3) Impasse layer- feeling stuck and not trusting inner resources; sense of deadness 4) Implosive layer- the deadness is fuly experienced, defenses are exposed, and contact with the genuine self is begun. 5) Explosive layer- pretenses and phony roles are abandoned, the energy previously required to maintain the pretenses is not free to be redirected.

Question 40

Gestalt therapy: techniques

Answer 40

- Confrontation - The "empty Chair"- addressing a part of the personality as if it were sitting there in a chair; UNDERDOG (weak, powerless, passive, full of excuses), TOPDOG (authoritarian shoulds and oughts) or masculine versus feminine traits. - Exaggeration - Reliving - "Making the rounds" a group of exercises in which the client repeats the same words to each member adding a personalized phrase. - role playing (introduced by Moreno) - stay with the feeling - Rehearsal exercises - dream work - "I statements"- instructing the client to take personal responsibility for a thought or feeeling by making an "I feel " statement. - "How" and "what" questions - Interpretation by the client

Question 41

Transactional analysis

Answer 41

Eric Berne | Thomas A Harris

Question 42

Transactional analysis

Answer 42

The person has potential for choice: people can shape their own destiny. TA asserts four life positions which replaces explicit psychopathology. - I'm not OK- you're OK - I'm not OK- You're not OK - I'm OK- You're not OK - I'm OK- You're OK

Question 43

Transactional analysis | The personalities is made up of three egos states

Answer 43

1) PARENT- resembles Freud's superego - nurturing parent: supports, care, encourages - critical parent- find faults, is critical and harsh; should, oughts, musts - prejudicial parent- opinionated, biased with no factual basis. - incomplete parent- parent is absent or dies 2) adult- resemble Freud's ego 3) child- resemble Freud's ID - adapted child- controlled, cries, rebels, is a product of demands - natural child- untrained, spontaneous, impulsive, self-loving, expressive, pleasure seeking - little professor- intuitive wisdom

Question 44

Freud development of personality | psychosexual stages

Answer 44

1) Oral Stage (1st year) oral erotic and oral sadistic. Sucking reflex. Adjustment to weaning. Graficiation- feeding 2) Anal Stage- (1 to 3 years) anal explosive and anal retentive. An individual stuck in the anal stage of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is most likely to be stingy. 3) Phallic Stage- ( 3- 6 years) Self-manipulation of genitals a pleasure source. Oedpial and Electra complex) 4) Latency- (7-13 years) sexual motivations recede (dormant) and emphasis is on socialization, skills development, and activities. 5) Genital Stage- (12 and older)- heterosexual relations are source of pleasure.

Question 45

Techniques for TA model

Answer 45

``` Confrontation Questioning Explaination and illustration interpretation contracts ```

Question 46

TA: Game analysis | Karpman Drama Triangle

Answer 46

- Persecutor, Victim and Rescuer 1) First degree game- played in social situations and cause mild upsets. 2) Second degree game- played in more intimate circles and lead to seriously hurt feelings. 3) Third degree game- usually end in jail, the hospital or the morgue because of the violence involved.

Question 47

Behavioral therapy | Classical Conditioning/ Respondent Conditioning

Answer 47

``` Ivan Pavlov Joseph Wolfe William H Masters and Virginia Johnson Andrew Salter Hans Selye ```

Question 48

Behavioral therapy | Operant conditioning/ Instrumental learning

Answer 48

BF Skinner David Premack Neal Miller Edmund Jacobson

Question 49

Behavioral therapy | Vicarious conditioning/ social learning therapy

Answer 49

Albert Bandura and Richard Walters Julian Rotter John Dollard and Neal Miller George Kelly

Question 50

Ivan Pavlov- Classional conditioning is a product of Ivan Pavlov and his study of behavior based upon dogs in the early 1900s. Stage 1 Before conditioning

Answer 50

In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces and unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms, this means theat a stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior/response which is unlearned and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. In this respect, no new behavior has been learned yet.

Question 51

Example of UCS and UCR

Answer 51

For example, a stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). In another example, a perfume (UCS) could create a response of happiness or desire (UCR).

Question 52

Stage 2: during conditioning

Answer 52

During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (ex, neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned (CS).

Question 53

Example of CS

Answer 53

For example, a stomach virus (UCS) might be associated with eating a certain food such as chocolate (CS). Also, perfume (UCS) might be assoicated with a specfic person (CS).

Question 54

For classical conditioning to be effective,

Answer 54

The conditioned stimlus should occur before the unconditioned stimulus, rather than after it, or during the same time. Thus, the conditioned stimulus acts as a type of signal or cue for the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 55

Stage 3 After conditioning

Answer 55

Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been assoicated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a new conditioned response (CR)

Question 56

Example of CR

Answer 56

For example, a person (CS) who has been assoicated with nice perfume (UCS) is now found attractive (CR). Also, chocolate (CS) which was eaten before a person was sick with a virus (UCS) now produces a response of nausea (CR).

Question 57

Joseph Wolfe | System Desenitization

Answer 57

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning. It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning.

Question 58

Subjective Units of distress scale (SUDS)

Answer 58

allows the client to rate threatening experiences in relation to the scale with higher ratings indiciating a greater perceived threat. A treatment hierarchy is then developed with the first action involving the least amount of anxiety.

Question 59

Williams H MASTERS and Virginia JOHNSON

Answer 59

developed SENSATE FOCUS, a form of behavioral sex therapy relying on counterconditioning. Couples engage in lower anxiety activities (touching and caressing) and then gradually progress in future encounters to intercourse.

Question 60

Other Important Terms Associated with Classical Conditioning: Exposure therapy

Answer 60

Exposure therapy includes desensitization, in vivo desensitization, flooding, and implosive therapy.

Question 61

Other Important Terms Associated with Classical Conditioning: Implosive Therapy

Answer 61

is the forming of very vivid images of specific situations that cause the fear. Implosive therapy differs from flooding because the client is not exposed to the actual stimuli. T. G. Stampfl discovered implosive therapy.

Question 62

SKINNER Operant conditioning/ instrumental learning

Answer 62

1) Operant Conditioning is the product of B.F. Skinner who researched using rats. Also referred to as Instrumental Learning. 2) The client is an active participant. Reinforcement and proper timing are required for learning to take place. 3) The term behavior modification is associated with operant or Skinnerian conditioning, as opposed to behavior therapy which is Pavlovian or classical.

Question 63

Skinner: types of reinforcements: POSTIVE

Answer 63

a consequence that is added, thereby strengthening the response that precedes it by virtue of its presentation. (Examples: stickers on good school work; payment for work; compliments for accomplishments)

Question 64

Skinner: types of reinforcements: NEGATIVE

Answer 64

a consequence that is withdrawn or terminated thereby strengthening the response that precedes it by virtue of it removal or termination. In other words, when a negative even is removed, the desired behavior takes place. (Examples: 1) Being released from detention hall early for good behavior. 2) Skinner's rats were continuously shocked until they pushed a bar that turned off the current. Turning off a shock is a negative event because it takes away a stimulus. Since removal of the shocks increases the likelihood that a rat will push the bar again, the event is reinforcing.)

Question 65

Skinner: types of reinforcements: PRIMARY

Answer 65

an event with reinforcing qualities that are barely dependent, if dependent at all, on prior learning. (Example: food).

Question 66

Skinner: types of reinforcements

Answer 66

an event that is not inherently pleasant or reinforcing but it becomes so through its association with other reinforcing stimuli. (Example: money – currency is not in itself reinforcing, but the products money can buy are; token economies work the same way)

Question 67

Skinner: Schedule of reinforcment: Fixed-interval schedule:

Answer 67

Reinforcement is given after a certain fixed period of time. The amount of work done (the number of responses) does not affect when reinforcement is given. In other words, the reinforcement is given at a set time (or a set time period) regardless of how much work is done. EXAMPLE: Generally speaking, people who receive a salary fit this category. They receive a paycheck at a specific time each month regardless of the amount of work they do. They do not get their paycheck earlier by standing around at the payroll window or by repeatedly asking/begging to get it early. They are paid (reinforced) at a pre-determined time or at a fixed interval.

Question 68

Skinner: Schedule of reinforcment: Variable-interval schedule

Answer 68

Reinforcement is given at variable (unpredictable) intervals of time. EXAMPLE: Let’s say you are attempting to call a friend and get a busy signal several times. So, you begin to place the call based on your best “guess” of when he/she will be off the line. But no matter how often or when you dial, the length of time (the variable) your friend stays on the phone (let’s say 7 minutes) determines when you will be rewarded (i.e., finally reach your friend). The next time the phone line is busy, he/she may be on the phone 3 minutes, and then you get rewarded. The following time he/she may be on the phone 13 minutes.

Question 69

Skinner: Schedule of reinforcment: Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 69

Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses are performed. EXAMPLE: Let’s say you are hired to sew short sleeve shirts and are told you will be paid after completing every twelfth shirt. Upon completion of the 12th shirt, you are paid (being reinforced). You are not paid after the 3rd shirt, the 7th shirt, or the 9th shirt.

Question 70

Skinner: Schedule of reinforcment

Answer 70

The number of responses required before being reinforced is unpredictable/continually changing. EXAMPLE: Let’s say you are sitting at a slot machine putting in quarters. You know that there is a chance of winning. However, you don’t know how many quarters you’ll have to put in before winning. Sometimes you win after 7 quarters. Sometimes you win after 777 quarters. Sometimes you win after 7,777 quarters.

Question 71

Neal Miller was a pioneer researcher in biofeedback and learning therapy. He was the first to show that autonomic (involuntary) bodily processes can be controlled.

Answer 71

 An electromyogram (EMG) is used to measure muscle tension during biofeedback training.  An electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to measure alpha brain waves which indicate that the client is awake but very relaxed.  An electrocardiogram (EKG) is used to measure the heart rate and pattern.  Galvanic skin response (GSR) measures skin resistance to a slight electrical current when certain words or topics are brought up.

Question 72

Vicarious Conditioning/ Social learning theory

Answer 72

Albert Bandura and Richard Walters They emphasized modeling- BoBo doll experiment on children modeling aggression. They used "in vivo" exposure to confront threatening situations and personal expectations.

Question 73

John DOLLARD and Neal MILLER Reinforcement theory Four types of conflict situations:

Answer 73

1. Approach-approach: Choosing between two desirable goals. (Example: Choosing between two good job offers) 2. Approach-avoidance: Approach and avoidance of the same goal. (Example: Wanting to eat but not wanting to gain weight) 3. Avoidance-avoidance: Conflict around two undesirable goals. (Example: Washing a load of dishes or vacuuming the house) 4. Double Approach-avoidance: Conflict involving both the approach and the avoidance of two different goals simultaneously. (Example: One’s attraction to a larger, newer house with higher payments and an attraction to a smaller older house with smaller payments)

Question 74

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) ABC Theory of Emotional Disturbance

Answer 74

Cognitive Behavioral Style of Albert Ellis REBT uses the A-B-C Theory of Emotional Disturbance (Ellis & Harper, 1997): A = ACTIVATING experience B = BELIEF about or the interpretation of the experience C = upsetting emotional CONSEQUENCES D = DISPUTING of irrational ideas E = new EMOTIONAL consequence or EFFECT F = new FEELING

Question 75

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) ABC Theory of Emotional Disturbance

Answer 75

An individual’s Belief (B) about the Activating (A) experience generates the upsetting emotional Consequences (C). Disputing (D) the irrational ideas Beliefs (B) is a process of: - detecting irrational beliefs, -debating the beliefs by challenging them logically, and -discriminating between rational, self-helping beliefs and irrational, selfdefeating ones. (These three “D”s are known as the Scientific Method.) New, Effective (E) philosophies are created along with new Feelings (F).

Question 76

Related to the REBT MODEL | Epictetus

Answer 76

Epictetus (a Stoic philosopher) said, “Men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them.”

Question 77

Related to the REBT MODEL

Answer 77

Ellis coined the term “musterbation” to describe a client who uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in thinking. The term “absolutist thinking” is sometimes used to describe this situation as well.

Question 78

Related to the REBT MODEL

Answer 78

The word didactic means teaching. Therefore, REBT is a didactic model of therapy.

Question 79

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 79

Aaron Beck | Donald Meichenbaum

Question 80

Reality Therapy

Answer 80

William Glasser - Choice theory asserts that the only behavior a person can control is one’s own. A person controls himself/herself and makes choices to satisfy his/her wants and needs. (The abbreviation BCP stands for behavior controlled by one’s perception.) - People are all responsible for what they choose to do. Their value judgments and the choices they make based on those judgments determine their feelings.

Question 81

Reality Therapy: Glasser

Answer 81

Addictions can be negative (substance abuse, work) and therefore destructive or positive (jogging, swimming) and therefore self-confidence building in nature. A positive addiction involves a non-competitive, solo activity that can be carried out for about an hour a day.

Question 82

Reality Therapy: Glasser

Answer 82

Glasser formulated an eight step counseling process (Glasser, 1980): Step 1: The counselor establishes a good working relationship with the client, a friendship. Step 2: Present behavior is identified in a noncritical way. Step 3: The client evaluates or judges his or her behavior. Step 4: Alternative behaviors are examined and a plan of action is developed. Step 5: The counselor gains a commitment to the action plan from the client. Step 6: No excuses or noncompliance are accepted; logical consequences are employed. Step 7: The counselor holds the client to his or her commitment without employing punishment. Step 8: The counselor and client never give up until the action plan is fulfilled.

Question 83

Reality Therapy: Glasser

Answer 83

William Glasser wrote: Reality Therapy Schools Without Failure Choice Theory

Question 84

Eclectic Therapy or Integrative therapy

Answer 84

Frederick Thorne, Robert Carkhuff Arnold Lazarus , Gerard Egan and Gordon Allport

Question 85

Eclectic Therapy or Integrative therapy

Answer 85

Counselor- or therapist-centered eclecticism refers to counselors’ choosing personal counseling systems that match their personalities and are, therefore, considered to be more effective. Gerald Corey encourages beginning counselors to become familiar with the major therapeutic approaches. He cautions, however, that the synthesis of ideas which will comprise an eclectic framework will come only after years of training, study, and actual counseling experience

Question 86

Models of Consultation

Answer 86

1. Content-oriented consultation focuses on the transfer of knowledge or information from the consultant to the consultee. The consultant is considered an expert and assumes the role of problem-solver. 2. Process-oriented consultation focuses on how and why problems are occurring. The consultant is more of a facilitator who may use communication, attribution, change, or motivational theories to help the consultee or organization make changes.

Question 87

Caplan's model of consultation

Answer 87

Gerald Caplan's (1970) mental health consultation model, based on a psychodynamic perspective, is the prototype for most counseling consultation models used today.

Question 88

Caplan's model of consultation | Caplan proposed:

Answer 88

``` Caplan proposed that professionals need consultation when there is a deficit in:  skills  self-confidence  knowledge  objectivity ```

Question 89

Caplan's model of consultation | Loss of objectivity

Answer 89

The loss of objectivity, the most frequent reason for a request for consultation, is attributed to the consultee identifying with the client's problem or to a psychological impairment of the consultee. Such loss of objectivity is described as "theme interference"

Question 90

Caplan's model of consultation | Four Consultation Relationships

Answer 90

1. Client-centered consultation-involves the consultee seeking assistance from a consultant about a client. 2. Consultee-centered consultation- concentrates on the consultee's overall professional deficits. 3. Program-centered consultation- involves a consultant helping with an organizational problem. 4. Consultee-centered administrative consultation- focuses on improving the consultant's administrative problem-solving skills or other broad areas of skill deficits or emotional entanglements with specific issues.

Question 91

Schein's model of consultation

Answer 91

Schein (1969) recommended the following seven interacting and overlapping steps to process consultation: 1. initial contact with the client organization 2. definition of the consultation relationship, including both the formal and psychological contracts 3. selection and setting of a method of work 4. data gathering and diagnosis 5. intervention 6. involvement reduction 7. termination

Question 92

Schein's doctor patient model of consultation, all the following must be met for the consultation process to be effective

Answer 92

1) The consulate correctly interprets the symptoms identified. 2) The consulate trusts that the consultants has provided accurate diagnostic information. 3) the consultee is willing to implement the suggestions made by the consultant.

Question 93

Behavioral model of consultation

Answer 93

It employs the use of traditional behavior modification techniques (e.g., shaping, chaining, modeling, etc.) and is particularly well-suited for such controlled environments as: 1. schools 2. prisons 3. hospitals

Question 94

Establishing the consultaton relationships

Answer 94

There are three important issues related to the consultation relationship (Doherty, 2000): 1. Work-related Focus Consultation should focus on work-related issues rather than personal issues of the consultee, though this is often a difficult line to draw. 2. Dual Relationships -The two most common dual roles that may occur in consultation are combining consultation with supervision or combining consultation with counseling. -The consultee should be referred for assistance when counseling is needed. 3. Freedom of Choice -Consultation is essentially a peer relationship, while supervision assumes a hierarchy that creates a power differential and includes the need to evaluate. - Freedom of choice is related to the peer relationship of consultation because the consultee is encouraged to be self-determined by choosing to do whatever he/she wishes with the consultant’s recommendations.

Question 95

Internal vs external consultants

Answer 95

The relationship of consultant to consultee can be further complicated by the fact that consultants may be performing: 1. Internal consultation – In larger organizations, a consultant may be a full-time employee of the organization (internal consultant). 2. External consultation – In contrast, an external consultant is hired from outside of the organization (external consultant).

Question 96

Internal vs external consultants

Answer 96

Internal consultants  Internal consultants often have a personal investment in presenting the problems.  Internal consultants remain involved in the system after consultation is completed.  Internal consultants have an established image in the organization that may or may not be helpful.  In addition, internal consultants usually have extensive information about the organization that external consultants do not have. 2. External consultants  External consultants are usually more easily seen as experts and require a greater financial commitment from the consultee.

Question 97

Consultee and client rights: | Consultation

Answer 97

Informed Consent Informed consent is an important right for both the consultee and the client. 1. In peer consultation, the issue is usually uncomplicated.  The consultee is expected to inform the client about the consultation and to obtain consent. 2. Organizational consultation often complicates the process of informed consent.  Administrators often hire consultants with little or no input by the employees. Employees may feel coerced to cooperate.  Consultants need to be aware of the hierarchical nature of organizations and to work carefully to make consent as informed and voluntary as possible (Welfel, 1998).  Goals, purposes, potential benefits and risks, and desired outcomes should be discussed with those who will be affected by the consultation (Dougherty, 2000). B. Confidentiality It is important that those who participate in the process of consultation have a clear understanding of the limits of confidentiality. 1. In peer consulting, confidentiality is usually straightforward because it is easy for the consultee to keep the identity of the client hidden. 2. In organizational consulting, however, dealing with the issue of confidentiality is more difficult.

Question 98

The consulting relationship: legal issues

Answer 98

Contracts do not have to be written to be binding. From a legal perspective, a contract exists when three elements are present: a. An offer is a proposal to enter into an agreement. b. Acceptance occurs when the person to whom the offer is made agrees to the offer. c. Consideration occurs when something of value (usually money, but it could be intangible items of value as

Question 99

The consulting relationship: Written Contracts

Answer 99

The following are guidelines for written contracts: - All pages should be numbered. - Names should be legibly printed and signed. - The date of the signatures should be included. - Any changes should be initialed by both parties. - Two copies of the document should be signed so that each party can keep an original (Remley, 1993).

Question 100

Purposes of Consultant Intervention

Answer 100

1) Primary: this type of intervention is proactive. THe aim is to enhance the mental health of some groups, which is assumed to have positive mental health. 2) Secondary: this type of intervention is designed to identify and treat the condition before it becomes serious. Early identification is a common goal of secondary intervention. 3) Tertiary: This type of intervention is concerned about reducing the debilitating mental health problems.