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HEMATOLOGY > HEMA > Flashcards

HEMA Flashcards

1
Q

FROM AN ANCIENT GRREK WORD THAT MEANS HEME (BLOOD) AND STASIS (HALTING/ STOPPING)

A

Hemostasis

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2
Q

It involves the interaction of vasoconstriction, platelets, and coagulation system.

A

Hemostasis

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3
Q

refers to the role of blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and platelets (formation of platelet plug) response to a vascular injury

A

Primary hemostasis

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4
Q

blood vessels contract to seal the wound or reduce the blood flow, thus reducing the extent of blood loss

A

Vasoconstriction

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5
Q

platelets become activated, adhere to the site of injury, secrete the contents of their granules, and aggregate with other platelets to form a platelet plug. The primary platelet plug that is formed is reversible.

A

Platelet plug formation

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6
Q

describes the activation of a series of coagulation proteins in the plasma to form a fibrin clot
-with the help of fibrin, an irreversible platelet plug is formed

A

Secondary hemostasis

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7
Q

coagulation proteins circulate as inactive zymogens (proenzymes) that become activated during the process of coagulation, and form complexes that activate other zymogens to generate thrombin, an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to a localized fibrin clot
The primary platelet plug must be reinforced by fibrin to control major bleeding in the long term

A

Coagulation cascade

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8
Q

final event of hemostasis

- is the gradual digestion and removal of the fibrin clot as healing occurs

A

Fibrinolysis

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9
Q

Activated by desquamation and small injuries to blood vessels

A

Primary Hemostasis

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10
Q

Involves platelets and coagulation system

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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11
Q

Involves the vascular intima and platelets

A

Primary Hemostasis

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12
Q

Activated by large injuries to blood vessels and surrounding tissues

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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13
Q

Delayed, long-term response

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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14
Q

The activator, tissue factor is exposed on cell membranes

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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15
Q

Procoagulant substances exposed or released by damaged or activated endothelial cells

A

Primary Hemostasis

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16
Q

Involves the vascular intima and platelets

A

Primary Hemostasis

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17
Q

Rapid, short-lived response

A

Primary Hemostasis

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18
Q

soft tissue hemorrhage – a generalized bleeding that is seen in acquired or congenital defects in secondary hemostasis

A

Anatomic hemorrhage

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19
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which the transmission of a dominant allele on an autosome causes a trait to be expressed in heterozygotes

A

Autosomal dominant

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20
Q

Pattern of inheritance resulting from the transmission of a recessive allele that is not expressed in heterozygotes

A

Autosomal recessive

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21
Q

Hemorrhagic spot, 1 cm or larger in diameter, typically forming an irregular blue or purplish patch. Also known as bruise

A

Ecchymoses

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22
Q

Nosebleed that requires intervention

A

Epistaxis

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23
Q

Bleeding from multiple sites, spontaneous and recurring bleeds, or hemorrhage that requires physical intervention of transfusion.

A

Generalized hemorrhage

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24
Q

Chronic joint bleeds that cause inflammation and immobilization

A

Hemarthroses

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25
Q

Vomiting of bright red blood

A

Hematemesis

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26
Q

Localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ space or tissue

A

Hematoma

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27
Q

Intact RBCs in the urine

A

Hematuria

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28
Q

Free hemoglobin in the urine

A

Hemoglobinuria

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29
Q

Expectoration of blood secondary to hemorrhage in the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

A

Hemoptysis

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30
Q

Acute severe blood loss requiring intervention and transfusions

A

Hemorrhage

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31
Q

Passage of fresh, red blood in your stool

A

Hematochezia

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32
Q

Bleeding from a single location

A

Localized hemorrhage

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33
Q

Stool containing dark red or black blood

A

Melena

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34
Q

Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods

A

Menorrhagia

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35
Q

Or systemic bleeding – a generalized bleeding that may indicate a disorder of primary hemostasis

A

Mucocutaneous hemorrhage

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36
Q

Pinpoint purple or red spots on the skin or mucous membranes, approximately 1mm in diameter

A

Petechiae

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37
Q

Purple skin discoloration, typically rounded with a diameter of greater than 3mm

A

Purpura

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37
Q

Purple skin discoloration, typically rounded with a diameter of greater than 3mm

A

Purpura

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38
Q

Formation, development, or presence of a clot in a blood vessel

A

Thrombosis

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39
Q

A blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there

A

Thrombus

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40
Q

Plural of thrombus; could block the flow of blood

A

Thrombi

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41
Q

A blood clot that travels in circulation; a piece of blood clot that breaks off (thromboembolus)

A

Embolus

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42
Q

Plural of embolus

A

Emboli

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43
Q

There are 3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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44
Q

are large thick-walled blood vessels that propel oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the capillaries

A

arteries

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45
Q

are the smallest blood vessels.

A

Capillaries

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46
Q

have thinner walls than arteries and carry oxygen-poor blood, carbon dioxide, and other waste products back to
back to the heart

A

Veins

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47
Q

The three layers of the blood vessels

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima

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48
Q
  • composed of connective tissue
A

Tunica externa

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49
Q

composed of a lining of epithelial cells

A

Tunica intima

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50
Q

composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

A

Tunica media

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51
Q

three key elements

A

intravascular component
the vascular intima
extravascular tissue factor

52
Q

Provides the interface between circulating blood and the body tissues.

A

VASCULAR INTIMA

53
Q

platelet inhibitor and a vasodilator

A

Prostacyclin

54
Q

induces smooth muscle relaxation and subsequent vasodilation

A

Nitric oxide

55
Q

controls the activation of the tissue factor pathway

A

Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor

56
Q
  • inhibitor of thrombin formation
A

Thrombomodulin

57
Q

enhances activity of antithrombin- a serine protease inhibitor

A

Heparan sulfate

58
Q

activates plasminogen into plasmin; degrades fibrin clot

A

Tissue plasminogen activator

59
Q

regulates formation of plasmin

TAFI (Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) -

A

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

60
Q

Megakaryocyte progenitors

(arise from the common myeloid progenitor

A

Burst-forming unit (BFU-Meg)
Colony-forming unit (CFU-Meg)
Light-density CFU (LD-CFU-Meg)

61
Q 
CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
* Absent
CYTOPLASMIC TAGS
*Present
NUCLEAR FEATURES
*Single nucleus; fine chromatin structure, nucleoli
THROMBOCYTES VISIBLE?
*No
Accdg to Rodaks
-*Least differentiated
- has plasma membrane blebs that resemble platelets
A

Megakaryoblast (MK-I)

62
Q 
CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
Few
CYTOPLASMIC TAGS
Present
NUCLEAR FEATURES
Double nucleus
THROMBOCYTES VISIBLE?
No
Accdg to Rodaks
Formation of DMS
A

Promegakaryocyte (MK-II)

63
Q 
CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
Numerous
CYTOPLASMIC TAGS
Usually absent
NUCLEAR FEATURES
Two or more nuclei
THROMBOCYTES VISIBLE?
No
Accdg to Rodaks
- Nucleus is intensely indented or lobulated
A

Megakaryocyte (MK-III)

64
Q 
CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
Aggregated
CYTOPLASMIC TAGS
Absent
NUCLEAR FEATURES
Four or more nuclei
THROMBOCYTES VISIBLE?
Yes
A

Metamegakaryocyte

65
Q

Emphasis should be placed on the cytoplasmic appearance rather than the number of nuclei or the chromatin structure.

A

Problems in identification of Maturation Stage

66
Q

normally develop close to the venous sinusoids so that platelet shedding is facilitated.

A

Megakaryocytes

67
Q

It has been estimated that each megakaryocyte can shed ________________ platelets.

A

1000-4000

68
Q

function as the mitotic spindle; Well-organized displacement.

A

Microtubules (Within megakaryocyte and megakaryoblast

69
Q

Dispersed throughout the cell that passes through the platelet fields and cytoplasm in a random pattern; Random displacement

A

Microtubules (metamegakaryocyte)

70
Q

Abundant but disorganized

A

Microfilaments (Immature megakaryocytes

71
Q

Organized forming a pattern of microfilaments similar to that seen in platelet.

A

Microfilaments (Mature megakaryocytes)

72
Q

consists of the platelets outer membrane and related structure

A

Peripheral zone

73
Q

links the membrane and the inner cell body

A

Submembrane

74
Q

– constitutes the matrix or muscle and skeletal portion of the platelet

A

Sol- gel zone

75
Q

consists of granules, dense bodies, lysosomes, and mitochondria

A

Organelle zone

76
Q

Consists of the surface coat or glycocalyx, plasma membrane, and submembrane area.
Under homeostatic conditions, platelets circulate in the blood as discoid-shaped cells.

A

Peripheral zone

77
Q

Underlies the submembrane filaments
Randomly arranged microfilaments which contributes support to the plt discoid shape.
Serves as a stable gel component to regulate the arrangement of the onternal organelles, and microtubular system within the resting plt body.
Treatment of cooling or biochemical agents such as Prostaglandin (PG) I2 restores discoid shape (reappearance of microtubules).

A

Sol-Gel Zone

78
Q

Constitutes the major portion of the platelet cytoplasm. These structures include electron-dense granules, a-granules, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria.

A

Organelle zone

79
Q

Contains adenosine, guanosine, diphosphates and triphosphates calcium, magnesium, and serotonin, ADP.

A

Dense granules

80
Q

most important component; rapidly degraded to adenosine which inhibits platelet function by enhancing cAMP levels.

A

ADP

81
Q

activation of membrane phospholipases which are Ca++ dependent and subsequent liberation of Arachidonic acid – the precursor of a number of metabolites re for plt function

A

Ca++

82
Q

Larger than dense granules; releases coagulation factors, a permeability factor, and cationic proteins such as the PDGF. PF4 and B-thromboglobulin are also released, both of which bind heparin.

A

Alpha granules

83
Q

Plt vesicles that contain a number of acid hydrolases

A

Lysosomes

84
Q

Opens to the plt external environment

A

Canalicular system

85
Q

Surface-connecting canalicular system (indented pores on the platelet surface) – serve as delivery routes for substances ingested by the platelet; as well as route of exit of substances released from the stimulated platelet.

A

Canalicular system

86
Q

Channels are randomly dispersed and appear to be close to the circumferential band of microtubules.

A

Dense tubular system

87
Q

DTS has an impt role in supporting the discoid platelet shape.

A

Dense tubular system

88
Q

Lifespan of platelets is approximately

A

5 to 10 days.

89
Q

At least 30% of total circulating platelet is normally sequestered in

A

spleen.

90
Q

are hemostatically more effective.

A

Young platelets

91
Q

Plasma transports at least 16 procoagulants

A

coagulation factors

92
Q

Nearly all are glycoproteins synthesized in

A

liver

93
Q

Eight are enzymes that circulate in an inactive form

A

zymogens

94
Q

The plasma procoagulants may be

A

serine proteases or cofact ors

95
Q

The plasma procoagulants may be serine proteases or cofact ors, except for factor XIII, which is a

A

transglutaminase .

96
Q

thrombin (factor Ila); factors VIia, IXa, Xa, Xia, and Xlla; and pre-K.

A

• Serine proteases.

97
Q

tissue factor, located on membranes of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, and soluble plasma factors V, VIII, and HMWK

A

Cofactors

98
Q

: fibrinogen, factor XIII, phospholipids, calcium, and VWF.

A

Remaining components

99
Q

is the ultimate substrate of the coagulation pathway

A

• Fibrinogen

100
Q

II

A

Preferred name
Prothrombin

Synonym
Prethrombin

101
Q

Ill

A

Preferred Name
Tissue Factor

Synonyms
Tissue thromboplastin

102
Q

IV

A

Preferred Name

Calcium

103
Q

V

A

Preferred Name
Proaccelerin

Synonyms
Labile factor,
Accelerator globulin

104
Q

VII

A

Preferred Name
Proconvertin

Synonyms
Stable factor,
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA), Autoprothrombin I

105
Q

VIII : C

A 
Preferred Name
Antihemophilic factor (AHF)

Synonyms
Antihemophilic globulin (AHG),
Anti hemophilic factor A,
Platelet cofactor 1.

106
Q

IX

A

Preferred name
Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC)

Synonym
Christmas factor,
Antihemophilic factor B,
Platelet cofactor 2

107
Q

X

A

Preferred name
Stuart Prower factor

Synonym
Stuart factor, Prower factor,
Autoprothrombin Ill

108
Q

XI

A

Preferred name
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent

Synonym
Anti hemophilic factor C

109
Q

XII

A

Preferred name
Hageman factor

Synonym
Glass factor,
Contact factor

110
Q

XIII

A

Preferred name
Fibrin stabilizing factor

Synonym
Laki-Lorand factor ,
 Fibrinase, 
Plasma transglutamimase,
 Fibrinoligase
111
Q

Synonym of Prekallikrein

A

Fletcher factor

112
Q

synonym of High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK)

A

Fitzgerald factor,
Contact activation cofactor,
Williams factor,
Flaujeac factor

113
Q

CONTACT GROUP

A

XII, XI, PK, HMWK

114
Q

Prothrombin (Vitamin K- Dependent) Group

A

II, VII, IX, X

115
Q

FIBRINOGEN GROUP

A

I, V, VIII, XIII

116
Q

Synthesized by the liver in the presence of Vitamin K, which acts as a cofactor

A

II, VII, IX, X

117
Q

Activated by contact with a negatively charged surface such as collagen or the subendothelium in vivo.

A

XII, XI, PK, HMWK

118
Q

Highest molecular weights of all fact ors, most labile, and are consumed in coagulation

A

I, V, VIII, XIII

119
Q

a large multimeric molecule that has two principal part s: the coagulant

A

Factor VIII (Vlll/vWF)

120
Q

a co factor in Intrinsic pathway

A

coagulant portion (Vlll :C)

121
Q

found in Pit alpha granules.

A

vWF portion (Vlll :vWF),

122
Q

Morawitz’s proposed thromboplastic factor is known

A

tissue factor or tissue thromboplastin.

123
Q

It acts to control and balance the hemostatic mechanism by providing feedback mechanisms to achieve control of the coagulation process.

A

Thrombin

124
Q
  • principal regulator of the tissue factor pathway
    • Protein C Regulatory System
  • revises thrombin’s function from a procoagulant enzyme to an anticoagulant
A

• Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor

125
Q

first to be identified; inhibits Factor Ila, IXa, Xa, Xia, Xlla, PK, Plasmin

A

• Antithrombin

126
Q

inactivates thrombin

A

• Heparin cofactor II

127
Q

potent inhibitor of Factor Xa; also inhibits Factor Xia

A

• Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor

128
Q

inhibits APC, Ila, Xa, Xia, urokinase

A

• Protein C inhibitor

HEMATOLOGY (2 decks)

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