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Hema Flashcards

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1
Q

is the process of blood cell production, including renewal, proliferation,
differentiation, and maturation

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

it is a continuous and ________ process that results in the formation, development, and
specialization of all functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow.

A

regulated

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3
Q

this stem cell is capable of both ______ and ________ into the
different cell lineages

A

self-renewal

directed differentiation

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis in humans is characterized by ______ distribution of embryonic stem cells in specific sites that are
rapidly changing during the course of development.

A

selective

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5
Q

In healthy adults, hematopoiesis is primarily confined to the _______

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

During fetal development, blood cell development begins in the (1)_______, that later progresses to the ____ region (mesoblastic phase); (2) transfers to the_____ (hepatic phase); and (3) terminally,
resides in the_______ (medullary phase).

A
  1. yolk sac
    Region: Aorta Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM)
  2. fetal liver
  3. bone marrow
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7
Q

Mesoblastic Phase:

- Starts at the _____ day after fertilization

A

19th

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8
Q

Erythroblasts (immature red blood cells) come from _______________ ; remaining cells
surrounding the cavity develop into angioblasts and later on form the blood vessels

A

mesodermal cells lining the yolk sac

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9
Q

_______erythroblasts never lose their

nucleus.

A

primitive

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10
Q

These erythroblasts are found in ‘blood islands’ surrounding a macrophage called ______ cell.

A

Nurse

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11
Q
  • Primitive erythroblasts start to produce the following hemoglobins:_______ , _______, and _________
A

Portland hemoglobin, Gower 1 hemoglobin,

and Gower 2 hemoglobin

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12
Q

Begins at around 4-5 weeks after fertilization; Peaks at third month of development

A

Hepatic phase

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13
Q
  • The liver becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis
  • Characterized by recognizable clusters of myeloid cells.
  • Lymphoid cells begin to appear
A

Hepatic phase

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14
Q

Sites of secondary hematopoiesis: Thymus begins to produce_____; Spleen and kidneys produce____
With detectable levels of HbF (fetal hemoglobin), HbA / HbA
(major adult hemoglobin), and HbA
(minor adult
hemoglobin)

A

T cells

B cells

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15
Q

Activity remains until 1-2 weeks after birth

A

hepatic phase

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16
Q

Starts at the 5th month of development; cells of various stages of maturation in all lineages are seen

  • Mesenchymal cells transfer to the skeletal tissues and develop into HSCs
A

Medullary Phase/myeloid

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17
Q

Medullary phase :

Myeloid to erythroid (M:E) ratio reaches _____ (adult M:E ratio) at the ______

A

3:1

21st week

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18
Q

Bone marrow becomes the major site of__________.

A

hematopoiesis

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19
Q

Medurally phase:
Shortly after birth, the BM remains as the only_____
capable of blood cell production.

A

tissue

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20
Q

Medullary phase:
When the BM is in distress or is not functioning properly, secondary
hematopoietic organs such as the____ and _____ revert to their hematopoietic function (extramedullary
hematopoiesis)

A

liver

spleen

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21
Q

Medullary phase:

Erythropoietin,______, and ______ (Growth Factors) reach detectable levels

Hemoglobins produced are HbA / HbA1, HbF, and HbA2
(minor adult hemoglobin)

A

G-CSF and GM-CSF

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22
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

Yolk sac

A

prenatal

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23
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

Bone marrow

A

pre natal

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24
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

liver

A

prenatal

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25
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: | spleen
pre natal
26
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: | tibial
post natal
27
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: | sternum
post natal
28
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: | vertebral and pelvis
post natal
29
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: | ribs
post natal
30
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: | lymph nodes
Post natal
31
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual: femur
post natal
32
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 1. _______– primary site of hematopoiesis in an adult
Bone Marrow
33
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 2. _______– major site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period
Liver
34
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 3.______ – secondary site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period
Spleen
35
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 4. _________– secondary lymphoid organ; involved in the maturation of T cells
Thymus
36
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: 5._______ – secondary lymphoid organ; involved in production of lymphocytes, filtration and removal of old and damaged cells
Lymph Nodes
37
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: 6._______ – in humans, the Bursa-equivalent organ is the bone marrow. In the Fabricius bird, the bursa is the site of maturation of B cells.
Bursa equivalent organ
38
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 7. ________Phagocyte System
Mononuclear
39
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 8.______ – produce erythropoietin
Kidneys
40
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 9. ________– produces intrinsic factor
Stomach
41
Organs involved in hematopoiesis: | 10.________– site of primitive erythropoiesis
Yolk sac
42
Adult Hematopoietic Tissue: - _________ is the major site of hematopoiesis - Lymphoid development occurs in primary and secondary lymphoid organs:
Bone Marrow
43
o____________ Organs: sites of maturation of lymphocytes - Bone Marrow and Thymus
Primary Lymphoid
44
``` o___________ Organs: sites of activation of lymphocytes - Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) ```
Secondary lymphoid
45
composed of red marrow and yellow marrow;
bone marrow
46
________ is the hematopoietic tissue | and the________ is composed of adipose
red marrow yellow marrow
47
- In adults, red marrow is located in the_______, skull, vertebrae,_______, ribs, pelvic bones, and_______ ends of long bones
sternum scapulae proximal
48
``` Ratio of red marrow to yellow marrow in the developing individual: Before birth:______ Red Marrow At birth: 90:10 At 19-20 y/o: ______ In adulthood: 50:50 At 65 y/o: ______ ```
100% 60: 40 40: 60
49
Yellow marrow can revert to red marrow when there is increased demand for hematopoiesis, such as in______ and_____
acute blood loss hemolysis
50
Thee bone marrow is the site of production and maturation of______– erythrocytes,_____, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
myeloid cells megakaryocytes
51
The bone marrow produces the_____. The____ mature in the bone marrow. The T cells, however, mature in the_____. The lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid organs.
lymphocytes B cells Thymus
52
Plays a significant role in hematopoiesis during fetal life (hepatic phase) - Responsible for synthesis of most proteins and vitamins that play a role in regulating hemostasis - Responsible for conjugating bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown - Responsible for detoxification of blood - Site of protein synthesis and degradation
Liver
53
________ cells lining the canaliculi remove senescent and damaged red blood cells from circulation as they pass through the liver
Kupffer
54
Largest lymphoid organ in the body; secondary site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase
Spleen
55
Functions of the spleen: | 1.____: removal of senescent (old) red blood cells from blood circulation by phagocytosis
Culling
56
Functions of the spleen: | 2._______: removal of inclusion bodies from the surface of red blood cells
Pitting
57
_________ bodies – accumulated iron;
Pappenheimer
58
_________ bodies – DNA remnants;
Howell-jolly
59
_______ bodies – globin remnants
Heinz
60
Functions of the spleen: | 3._______– it is a secondary lymphoid organ, serving as a site of activation of lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Immune defense
61
Functions of the spleen: | 4. Storage of_______ – the spleen sequesters 1/3 of platelets produced to serve as reservoir
platelets
62
primary lymphoid organ; secondary site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase - Site of maturation of T cells
Thymus
63
Secondary lymphoid organ - Site of activation of lymphocytes - Filters debris, particulate matter, and bacteria from the lymph - Serves as site of proliferation of lymphocytes
Lymph nodes
64
__________ system – composed of the monocytes and macrophages
Mononuclear phagocyte
65
Functions: 1. ________– removal of debris, particulate matter, and foreign cells from the blood (monocytes) and tissues (macrophages)
Phagocytosis
66
Functions: 2. ___________ – Antigens from digested foreign cells (bacteria) are presented to T cells for activation of the adaptive immune system
Antigen Presentation
67
Functions: | 3. _______ (substances that promote mitosis) secretion
Mitogen
68
Functions: 4. Secretion of_______ (substances that influence the maturation and differentiation of blood cells)
hematopoietic growth factors
69
responsible for production of erythropoietin (growth factor that drives maturation of RBC precursors) in response to hypoxia.
Kidneys
70
acts on erythroblasts in the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and maturation, for eventual release into the circulation
Erythropoietin
71
produces intrinsic factor. Intrinsic Factor is necessary for absorption of Vit. B12 in the intestines. Deficiency of IF leads to deficiency in Vit. B12 and would lead to pernicious anemia (a type of Megaloblastic anemia)
Stomach
72
Stem cells are characterized by its ability for/to: 1.______; 2.give rise to differentiated____ (ie. a hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into a common myeloid stem cell or common lymphoid stem cell to later on give rise to mature and functional blood cells); 3._____ the hematopoietic system in a lethally irradiated individual
1. self-renewal 2. progeny 3. reconstitute
73
Normal cell development depends the interaction of: 1. _______ stem cell 2. Microenvironment 3. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Pluripotent
74
A_______ hematopoietic stem cell can be stimulated to undergo one of three possible fates: self-renewal, differentiation, or apoptosis.
pluripotent
75
The common myeloid stem cell may differentiate into committed (lineage-specific) precursor cells such as a________ to eventually give rise to mature erythrocytes or_________ to give rise to platelets.
Proerythroblast Megakaryoblast
76
________ and Growth Factors: a group of glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.
Cytokines
77
Cytokines can either promote or________, differentiation, and maturation of blood cells. Cytokines may also inhibit_____ (programmed cell death), allowing cells to proliferate. Cytokines may be Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF), early-acting multilineage growth factors or_________ .
inhibit proliferation apoptosis interleukins
78
pan myeloid growth factor
GM -CSF
79
stimulates granulocyte production and functional activation
G-CSF
80
stimulates monocytes and macrophages production and activity
M-CSF
81
stimulates proliferation, growth and differentiation target cells : pronormoblasts and CFU -erythroid cell ( SOURCE: KIDNEY)
Erythroprotein ( EPO)
82
regulates production of plaletes
Thrombopoietin

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