HEMA MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
stopping of blood
A
Hemostasis
2
Q
Clot formation/ thrombus
A
Thrombosis
3
Q
clot dissolution, if not may lead to
myocardial infarction or stroke
A
Fibrinolysis
4
Q
described “worms” in the blood
what year
A
Athanasius Kircher
1657
5
Q
gave an account for RBC
what year?
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
1674
6
Q
describes platelets as petite plaques
A
Giulio Bizzozero
7
Q
developed wrights stain
what year?
A
James Homer Wright
1902
8
Q
Percentage by body weight
Blood and other fluids
A
8% blood
92 other fluids
9
Q
Plasma percentage by weight
Water
Proteins
Other solutes
A
91% water
7% proteins
2% Other solutes
10
Q
Plasma by weight
under Proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
A
58%
38%
4%
11
Q
Percentage by volume
Plasma
Formed elements
A
55
45
12
Q
Formed elements
number for cubic nm
Platelets
RBC
WBC
N
L
M
E
B
A
platelets- 250-400 thousand
RBC- 4.2-5.2 million
WBC- 5-9 thousand
N-60-70%
L- 20-25%
M-3-8 %
E- 2-4 %
B- 0.5-1%
13
Q
includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma
A
Whole blood
14
Q
small white layer of cells lying between the packed cell volume and plasma (leukocytes and platelets)
A
Buffy coat
15
Q
liquid portion of unclotted blood (hazy or pale yellow)
• Anticoagulant used
• Pale yellow due to fibrin
A
Plasma
16
Q
fluid that remains after coagulation (Clear and straw colored)
A
Serum
17
Q
Anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells filled with a reddish protein (hemoglobin)
measure 6-8 um in diameter with a zone of pallor that occupies one third of their center
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and RBC Indices
A
RBC
18
Q
Insufficient number of healthy red blood cells
• May be due to production in bone marrow up to movement of RBCs to peripheral (e.g.: blood
destruction)
A
Anemia
19
Q
Too many red blood cells
• Starting from the bone marrow or circulatory will cause the thickness of blood (viscous)
A
Polycythemia Vera
20
Q
Skin: First line of defense
WBCs: Second line of defense
: 3rd line of defense
A
Plasma cells, NK, Macrophage, cytokines
21
Q
Low WBC count prone to infection
A
Leukopenia
22
Q
Increased WBC count
A
Leukocytosis
23
Q
Cancer of the blood
A
leukemia
24
Q
Platelets
Maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs
● Hemostasis and thrombosis —>
● Adhesion, Secretion, Aggregation →
A
MI/Stroke
white thrombus
25
Capillary blood contains more___ than venous blood (___mg/dL)
glucose
10-20
26
Capillary blood contains more____ than venous blood (up to 1000/uL)
leukocytes
27
Capillary blood has lower __ count and ____ value than venous blood (5%)
rbc and hemoglobin
28
Capillary blood has a___ platelet count
• RBC in capillary blood are more__ than those of venous rbc
lower
fragile
29
Hematopoiesis
continuous regulated process of blood production – _____ of RBC, WBC, and Platelets RPDM
• the formation and development of blood cells
renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation
30
Prenatal hematopoiesis
most of hematopoiesis are
erythroid
31
MP
__ day of gestation (__ week of fetal life)
19 th
2nd week
32
Formation of blood islands in the yolk sac (______ layer), aggregation of primitive cells
MP
mesodermal extraembryonic
33
MP
chief site of production
what organs are related?
Yolk sac
Liver and Bone marrow
34
surround the cavity of the yolk sac and form
blood vessels
MP
Angioblasts
35
what week is the development of primitive
erythroblast (PE) – produces Hb
• Occurs intravascularly
9th week of fetal life
MESOBLASTIC PERIOD
36
THREE EMBRYONIC FORMS OF HEMOGLOBIN GGP
Gower I
Gower 2
Portland
37
2. HEPATIC PERIOD
4 to 5 gestational weeks
(starts on the)
•___ : chief site; ______ of fetal life
• Recognizable clusters of developing _______ EGM
• Lymphoid cells start to appear – lifetime
• Occurs_____
• Fetal liver reaches its peak in 3rd month of development
• Nucleated RBCs (NRBC), Granulocyte, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, and Megakaryocytes
• Hemoglobins: (3)
o___
___
___
2nd month
Liver
3rd month of life
Erythroblasts, granulocyte, monocytes
extravascularly
HbA
o HbA2
o HbF
38
first fully developed organ
major site for T-cell production
(Cellular)
THYMUS
39
B cell production
Kidney
40
Spleen is active in EML
Erythropoiesis
Myelopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
41
until the end of normal gestation(splenic)
Erythropoiesis
42
becomes minimal by the 5th month
Myelopoiesis
43
Lifetime
Lymphopoiesis
44
What are the organs responsible for the B cell production of the hepatic stage (humoral cell)
Kidney and Spleen
45
MEDULARRY (MYELOID) PHASE
starts in
chief site
what migrates into core of the bone and differentiate into skeletal and hematopoietic blood cells
what begins to appear gradually & increases in conc
measurableD EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF, HbF and Hb a2
what is the ratio of myeloid to erythroid by 21 weeks of gestation
by what week the long shaft of the bone marrow is the main site
5th month of fetal life
Red bone marrow (medullary part)
Mesenchymal cells
Hb A1
3:1
6th month
46
STAGES OF HEMATOPOESIS
PRENATAL HEAMTOPOETIC STEM CELL
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
47
first few hours after the ovum fertilized, it can developed into any human cell time and development of EMBRYO to FETUS
Totipotent
48
Present after several days of fertilization
development into any cell type except that it cannot develop into fetus
Pluripotent
49
derive from pluripotent stem cell and limited only to specific type of cells to form the tissues
formation of specific type of cells
Multipotent
50
restricted primarily in bone marrow
Adult hematopoiesis
51
bone forming
form resorbing
osteoblast
osteoclasts
52
BONE MARROW
Contains developing ____________ EMML
Located in the cavities of the cortical bones
o These cavities consist of_____ bone (honey comb)
Is the only site of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, thrombopoiesis & Lymphopoiesis
Develops in the embryo by the hollowing out of the skeletal bones forming a_______
In this cavity develops a primitive, undifferentiated cell known as________ or stem cell
ALL blood-formed elements ultimately develop from this undifferentiated precursor
Full of developing precursor cells in all stages of maturation Released into blood at maturity and ONLY mature cells are released normally
First recognizable precursor in each cell line is a___\
erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic and lymphocytic
trabecular
central cavity
hemocytoblast
blast
53
1st few years of life
a delicate balance exist between developing bone marrow space trabecular bone and the developing infant’s need for blood cells and the _______ remains available because of its hematopoietic capability
liver or spleen
54
4th year of life
rate of bone marrow growth exceeds the need for blood cells therefore, active marrow sites are replaced with areas of fatty reserve and fat first develops in the long bones (______ )
retrogression
55
18th year of life
the only active hematopoietic sites are in the______ PVRSSSP
pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, sternum, skull, and proximal extremities of the long bones
56
Site of blood cell development
• Hematopoietically active bones
It comprises approximately 50% of the marrow/cavity space
• Hematopoietic sites are in Sternum, skull, scapula, vertebrae, ribs, pelvic bones and proximal ends of long bones
RED MARROW
57
Hematopoietically inactive bones
• Made up of Adipose tissue (adipocytes)
The remaining 50% of the space is occupied
• Made up of adipose tissue,
undifferentiated cells and macrophage
YELLOW MARROW
58
___ and___ should have approximately equal amounts.
red and yellow
59
CENTRAL SPACE
Due to reabsorption of cartilage and____ bone
• Retrogression: process of replacing the active marrow by
_____ (yellow marrow) during development
endosteal
adipocytes
60
INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
all the bones in the body contain
primarily_______
red (Active) marrow
61
adipocytes more abundant and began to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow
5-7 years old
62
Bone marrow and thymus
• Where T and B cells are derived
PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
63
Lymphoid become competent, consists of the spleen and lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue
SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
64
EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
• Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than bone marrow
• Principally occurs in___ and ___ (just like in fetus) ___ and ___ LSLT
•_______ – mediate progenitors and bind to the stroma
• Adhesion molecules 5 FTCLH
liver and spleen
lymph nodes and thymus
Proteoglycan / glycosaminoglycans
Fibronectin
o Thrombospondin
o Collagen
o Laminin
o Hemonectin
65
LIVET
Major site of blood cell production during the hepatic stage
• Synthesizing various transport proteins SSCT
• Storing essential minerals and vitamins that are used in
synthesis of DNA and RNA
• Conjugating bilirubin from Hemoglobin degradation
• Transports bilirubin to the small intestine for eventual
excretion (Stool or urine)
• 2 lobes
• Optimal for gathering, transferring and eliminating substances via the____
1.____
macrophages in liver cells
• Macrophages, removing cellular and
foreign debris from blood • Protein Synthesis
2. _____
Allows plasma to have direct access to hepatocytes
bile
Kupffer cells
Epithelial cells
66
SPLEEN
____ lymphoid organ, found on left side of the abdomen, located directly beneath the diaphragm and behind the____ of the stomach
Primary functions:______
Graveyard of old RBC
“____ ”
A reticuloendothelial organ that is vital but not essential Indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood
HEALTHY =____ ml of blood in SPLEEN.
Largest
fundus
lymphopoiesis, phagocytosis
sponge
350 ml
67
3. LYMPH NODES
Organs of the lymphatic system located along the______
Oval structures distributed throughout the body connected by lymphatic vessels which carry a fluid called lymph ____ –shaped structures
Act as____ to remove foreign blood contaminants
Extremely important part of the body’s infection defense Superficial (IACS ) or deep (MR )
Consists of an outer capsule that forms trabeculae Provides support for macrophages predominant population of lymphocytes
lymphatic capillaries
Bean
filters
inguinal, axillary, cervical and supratrochlear
mesenteric and retroperitoneal
68
4. THYMUS
responsible for normal development of some of the_____
located in the neck
maximum development in childhood, atrophies with age
lymphocytes
69
STEM CELL THEORY OF HEMATOPOIESIS
All cells are derived from a pool of stem cells that are______
_______ stem cells give rise to committed stem cells for each cell line
Committed stem cells have receptors for specific growth factors
Respond to stimulation by division & maturation (precursor cell stages) into end-stage cells
self- renewing
Pluripotential & multipotential
70
major regulator of erythropoiesis
• stimulates erythroid CFU cells and
proerythroblasts
Erythropoietin (EPO)
71
increases platelet production
• stimulates megakaryocyte CFU
cells
Thrombopoietin
72
increases production of neutrophils
• stimulates granulocyte-
macrophage CFU cells
Granulocyte- CSF (G-CSF)
73
increases macrophage production
• stimulates granulocyte-
macrophage CFU cells
• regulates the granulocyte and monocyte production
Granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF)
74
stimulate B- and T-cell formation
• function together with G-CSF and
GM-CSF (cytokines)
Interleukins (glycoproteins)
