HEMAAAAAA Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
RBC & PLT:
Electrical Impedance
with Hydrodynamic
Focusing
WBC
(Differential Count):
Electrical Impedance
A
Sysmex XN 3000
2
Q
Sysmex XN 3000
RBC & PLATELETS:
A
Electrical Impedance with Hydrodynamic Focusing
2
Q
Sysmex XN 3000
WBC (Differential Count):
A
Electrical Impedance
2
Q
Test Done in Sysmex XN 3000
A
- CBC
- Reticulocyte Count
- Hgb & Hct Body fluids
- Immature PLT fraction
2
Q
Principle: Mechanical
A
SP10
3
Q
Principle and test of Beckmann Coulter DXH 900
A
Electrical Impedance - CBC
3
Q
Test done in SP10
A
Automated slide processor with stain preparation (15 mins)
4
Q
Principle of DI (Digital Imaging) 60
A
Artificial Neural Network
Digital Morphology
4
Q
with built in microscope-OLYMPUS
A
Digital Morphology
5
Q
DI (Digital Imaging) 60 is an
A
Automated Slide Reader
5
Q
Principle of Sysmex CS 2500-A
A
Photo-Optical
5
Q
(4) Four CBC Analyzers
A
- Sysmex XN 3000
- Beckmann Coulter DXN 900
- SP10
- DI (Digital Imaging) 60
6
Q
uses Transmitted Light Detection Method
A
Photo-Optical
7
Q
Principle of SYSMEX CS 2500-B
A
Photo-Optical
8
Q
PT. PTT (Routine Testing)
A
Sysmex CS 2500-A
9
Q
PT, PTT, Thrombin
Time, Factor V Leiden,
Protein C, Factor
Assays II, V, VII, VIII, IX,
X, XI, XII, Heparin
(LMWH and UFH),
Comprehensive
Platelet Function Assay
A
Sysmex CS 2500 - B
10
Q
Principle of Sysmex CA 101
A
Opto-Mechanical via Turbodensitometric Method
11
Q
Principle of STAGO Compact Max
A
Mechanical (Viscosity Based Detection Method)
12
Q
Test done in STAGO Compact MAX
A
Fibrinogen, D-Dimer (Routine Tests)
Lupus Anticoagulant, Protein S, Antithrombin III (Special Tests)
13
Q
is a back-up machine for PT, PTT,
and for special coagulation tests.
A
Sysmex CS 2500 - B
14
Q
What are the Reagents Used by SYSMEX CS 2500-B?
➔ PT:
➔ PTT:
A
➔ PT: Thromborel S
➔ PTT: Pathrombin SL, CaCl2
15
Q
Principle of Multiplate Analyzer
A
Impedance Aggregometry
16
Q
(4) Coagulation Analyzers
A
- Sysmex CS 2500-A
- Sysmex CS 2500-B
- Sysmex CA 101
- STAGO compact MAX
17
Q
Clopidogrel Response Monitoring Test (ADP Test)
Aspirin Response Monitoring Test (ASPI Test)
A
Multiplate Analyzer
18
Principle for ALCOR SCIENTIFIC iSED
Photometric Rheology
19
Test done in ALCOR SCIENTIFIC iSED
ESR
20
Unit of PT and PTT
Secs
21
Reference Value of PT
11.9 - 14.2
22
Reference Value of INR
0.90 - 1.19
23
Reference Value of PTT
29.5 - 35.9
24
CBC Sources of Error
○ Clotted Samples
○ Underfilled Tube
25
PT/PTT Sources of Error
○ Hemolyzed Samples
○ Disturbed Samples
26
Other machines use in Hematology
1. Multiple Analyzer
2. ALCOR SCIENTIFIC iSED
27
Importance: A properly prepared blood smear / blood film is essential to accurate assessment of cellular morphology.
Peripheral Blood Smear (Blood Film)
28
Characteristics of Well-Made Smear
● Occupy entire width of the slide
● Occupy at least 2/3 or 3/4 of the slide length
● Slightly rounded at feather edge (not bullet shaped)
● With fine feathered edge (rainbow appearance in light)
● Lateral edges of the film are visible
● Film is smooth without irregularities, holes, or streaks
● No spaces or foreign object on it
29
Unacceptable Peripheral Blood Films
A. Chipped or rough edge on spreader slide.
B. Hesitation in forward motion of spreader slide.
C. Spreader slide pushed too quickly.
D. Drop of blood is too small.
E. Blood is not allowed to spread across the width of slide.
F. Dirt or grease on the slide (or due to elevated lipids).
G. Uneven pressure on the spreader slide.
H. Time delay; drop of blood began to dry prior to spread
30
Purpose of Staining of Peripheral Blood Films
● Purpose: To identify cells and recognize morphology easily through the microscope.
31
Stains that are most commonly used for peripheral blood and bone marrow films.
Wright or Wright-Giemsa Stains
31
These stains contain both Eosin and Methylene Blue and are therefore termed Polychrome Stains.
Wright or Wright-Giemsa Stains
32
The cells are fixed to the glass slide by the ____________ in the stain
Methanol
33
Staining reactions are pH dependent, and the actual staining of the cellular components occurs when a buffer (pH ___ ) is added to the stain.
pH 6.4
34
Free Eosin
pH:
Action:
Example:
pH: Acidic
Action: Stains basic components red
Example: Hemoglobin Eosinophilic Granules
34
Free Methylene Blue
pH:
Action:
Example:
pH: Basic
Action: Stain Acidic Components Blue
Example: RNA
35
have cytoplasmic granules that have a
neutral pH and accept some characteristics from both stains.
Neutrophil
36
Characteristics of An Optimally Stained Film
1. RBCs
2. Nuclei
3. Cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils
4. Cytoplasmic granules of basophils
5. Cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils
1. Red blood cells (RBCs) should be pink to salmon
2. Nuclei are dark blue to purple
3. Cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils - lavender to lilac
4. Cytoplasmic granules of basophils - dark blue to black
5. Cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils - red to orange
6. Area between the cells should be colorless, clean, free of precipitated stains
37
A well-stained slide is necessary for accurate
interpretation of cellular morphology. The best staining results are obtained from freshly made slides that have been prepared within __ to ___ hours of blood collection
2 to 3 hours
38
Two Staining Methods Used in Hematology
1. Automated (SP10)
2. Manual (Giemsa or Wright-Giemsa Stain)
39
Giemsa Stain
● (4) Uses:
○ Platelets
○ RBC Morphology
○ Normal Differential Count
○ Peripheral Blood Smear
40
Giemsa Stain
Components:
1. Methanol (Fixative) - 10 dips
2. Eosin - 10 dips
3. Methylene Blue - 30 dips
4. Phosphate Buffer (pH 6.4) - 10 dips
41
Wright’s-Giemsa Stain
● (2) Uses:
○ Abnormal Differential Count (Immature Cells)
○ Destroys RBCs
42
Wright’s-Giemsa Stain
Components:
1. Wright’s-Giemsa
2. Phosphate Buffer
43
Non-Ideal Color Reactions
Too Blue Smear
Too Thick Smear
Too Alkaline Stain
Inadequate Washing
Use of Heparinized Blood
Hyperproteinemia
44
Non-Ideal Color Reactions
Too Red Smear
Too Thin Smear
Too Acidic Stain
Excessive Washing
45
Bacterial infections (first responder to infection)
Neutrophil
46
Parasitic infections; Neutralize Basophil
Eosinophil
47
Allergic reactions; store Heparin & Histamine
Basophil
48
Antigen presentation to T and B Cells
Monocyte
49
Only cells capable of Antibody Production
B Lymphocyte
50
Releases Cytokines that activate other cells
T Lymphocyte
51
Types of White Blood Cells
- Neutrophil
- Lymphocyte
- Monocyte
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
52
Granulocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
53
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
54
Polymorphonuclears
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
55
Mononuclears
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
56
Immunocytes
Lymphocytes
57
Phagocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
58
Lymphocytes are not ______________
phagocytes
59
● Mainly increased during Bacterial Infection.
● Neutrophils engulfs and has enzymes that destroy bacteria and other pathogens.
Neutrophil
60
● They are the most abundant type of WBC in people’s bloodstream, digesting extracellular pathogens.
● They play an important role in fighting many types of bacterial infection.
Neutrophil
61
The key cells involved in Adaptive Immunity.
Lymphocyte
62
● High lymphocyte blood levels often indicate your body is dealing with an infection or other inflammatory condition.
Lymphocyte
62
● Lymphocytosis is very common, especially in people who have viral infections, chronic inflammation, certain types of cancer, such as Leukemia or Lymphoma.
Lymphocyte
63
● Responsible for the memory and specificity of acquired immunity.
● Normally increased in pediatric and geriatric patients.
Lymphocyte
64
● Largest WBC circulating in the blood
Monocyte
65
● Travels through the blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage or a dendritic cell.
● Macrophages surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost immune
responses
Monocyte
66
● Linked to diseases like Infectious Mononucleosis (IM), Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB), or an autoimmune disease like Lupus.
Monocyte
67
● Increased in Allergic Reactions and Parasitic Infections.
● Play a role in the immune system by helping fight microorganisms and parasitic infections.
Eosinophil
67
Reddish-orange granules (have an affinity for the eosin component of the Wright’s stain).
Eosinophil
68
Tissue forms of monocytes are called ____________
Macrophages
69
They are also activated during allergic reactions – its role is related to Histaminase.
Eosinophil
70
○ Counteract the effects of histamine release, such as vasodilation & increased vascular permeability, which are characteristic of allergic reactions.
○ Higher levels of Eosinophil than Basophil shows a ______ Prognosis in allergic patients while the opposite suggest risk for Anaphylactic Shock.
Good
71
● Involved in Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions.
Basophil
72
Tissue forms of basophils are called
Mast Cells
72
● These cells are loaded with very dark blue to dark purple granules filled with various proteins and chemicals like Histamine, Serotonin, and Heparin — responsible for the emergence of Anaphylactic Shock.
○ The eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis will attract eosinophils toward the area where histamine is secreted.
Basophil
73
74
● Increased basophils (basophilia) sometimes means your body is fighting a serious medical condition such as Myeloproliferative Disorder, Severe Allergies
Basophil
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