Hematologic Dysfunction Flashcards by Kyleigh Overbey

What is ventilation?

movement of O2 and CO2 in and out of alveoli

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How do the movements of gas occur?

high to low pressure

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What is WOB ?

amount of effort required for adequate ventilation

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What is compliance?

the elasticity of the lungs

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What is resistance?

the opposition of gas flow in airways

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What does oxyhemoglobin dissocation curve reflect?

relationship between SaO2 and PaO2.

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What is typical setting of PEEP?

5-20 cm/ H2O

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What acronym is used in describing causes in Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to right?

CADET: CO2, acidity, D PG 2/3, exercise, Temp

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How do you know ABG is uncompensated?

ph abnormal and CO2 or HCO3 abnormal the other is normal.

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Partially compensated all values are?

abnormal

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Compensated what do values look like?

ph normal, CO2 or HCO3 abnormal

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What does the hematologic system consist of?

blood, blood forming tissue(bone marrow and kidneys(erythropoietin))

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What are the names of RBC, Platelets, WBC?

erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes.

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What do RBC, Platelets, and WBC do?

RBC: nutrients, O2 carrying, remove waste; clotting; infection

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What are some causes of anemia?

destruction or loss of red cells; lead poisoning, hypersplenism

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What is the most common anemia?

iron deficiency anemia

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Who are at high risk for iron deficiency anemia?

infants over 6 months who don’t eat solid foods, rapidly growing adolescents, female adolescents

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What are some S/S of iron deficiency?

pallor, fatigue, irritability, tachycardia, Pica, HF, nail ned spooning.

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When should we screen for iron deficiency?

9-12 months and 15-18 months

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What is a good thing to give with iron supplements?

Orange juice

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How much juice max should a child get a day?

8 oz

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What is pernicious anemia? aplastic anemia?

lack of vit. B12, bone marrow issue

What is sickle cell anemia?

partial or complete replacement of normal hemoglobin with Hb S.

What are causes of SC?

occlusion of small blood vessels, ischemia, & organ damage.

What is the first organ affected in SC?

Spleen

What are some SC complications?

high risk for stroke, acute chest syndrome, pulm. htn, infection, aplastic crisis, priaprism, gallstones.

What could trigger SC crisis?

fever, hypoxia, stress, increased blood viscosity, vasoconstriction when cold.

What is important for SC patients?

immunizations, hydration, pain control

What is the leading cause of death in SC patients?

acute chest syndrome

What are some S/S of acute chest syndrome?

new pulm. findings on chest xray, chest pain, fever, tachypnea, coughing, wheezing

What is the treatment for ACS?

analgesics, oxygen, hydration, IS, transfusion, STEM cell transplant only cure.

In ACS what is the most common cause of death?

Pulm. embolism

What is Aplastic crisis? (in SC pts)

decreased production of red cells, increased destruction of red cells.

What are some triggers and s/s of aplastic crisis?

viral infection, lack of folic acid; anemia, pallor

What is hemolytic anemia? (in SC pts)

red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.

What are some long term complications of hemolytic anemia?

irreg. HR, cardiomegaly, HF

What is Splenic Sequestration? (in SC pts)

pooling of blood in the spleen causing it to enlarge; life threatening!

What are some s/s or splenic sequestration?

sudden weakness, pale lips, rapid breathing, exercise thirst, belly pain, rapid HR

What is the most common type of SC crisis?

Vaso-occlusive Crisis

What are some triggers of vaso-occlusive crisis?

dehydration, temp. extremes, infection, hypoxemia, emotional stress.

What are some causes of vaso-occlusive crisis?

clumping of cells, ischemia, infarctions

What are some s/s of vaso-occlusive crisis?

fever, tissue engorgement, pain & swelling in joints, severe abdominal pain, priaprism

What could be released into system due to SC?

Potassium

What is hemophilian A?

bleeding disorder resulting in a deficiency in a clotting factor; lacks factor VIII

What are some s.s of hemophilia?

hemarthrosis bleeding into the joint space; edema, ecchymosis (easy bruising), back and flank pain

``` What are the normal values: Fibrinogen: PTT: Platelet: PT: TT: ```

``` 175-400 mg/dl 22-34 sec 150,000-400,000 11-15 sec 14-16 sec ```

What is the tx for hemophilia?

control bleeding by replacing missing factors; DDAVP (stimulates the release of factor VIII), RICE

What is Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

increased destruction of platelets in the spleen; idiopathic

ITP is the most common bleeding disorder in?

children

What are some s/s or ITP?

multiple ecchymoses, and petechiae, mucosal bleeding, platelet count less than 20,000, normal hgb and wbc

What is the goal of tx for ITP?

prevent intracranial hemorrhage

Why don't we normally tx ITP with platelet administration?

only controls bleeding temporarily.

Why in ITP may they do a splenectomy ?

bc that's where platelets are destroyed.