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Toxicology > Hematologic, Respiratory, Metabolic, and Cardio Toxins > Flashcards

Hematologic, Respiratory, Metabolic, and Cardio Toxins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Melilotus spp?

A

Moldy sweetclover

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2
Q

What was isolated from moldy sweetclover?

A

Dicourmarol

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3
Q

What is the most common intoxication in small animals?

A

Anticoagulant rodenticides

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4
Q

What is found in 1st generation anticoagulant rodenticides?

A

Warfaring, pindone, chorophacinone

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5
Q

What is found in 2nd generation and longer anticoagulant rodenticides?

A

Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, diphacinone

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6
Q

What is the anticoagulant MOA?

A

Interferes with the conversion of vitamin K and its 2,3 epoxide
Inhibits carboxylation of coagulation proteins clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10
Binds with plasma albumin and competes with other protein bound xenobiotics

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7
Q

Where does the metabolism of coumarins occur?

A

Liver

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8
Q

What species is the most susceptible to anticoagulant toxicities?

A

Swine

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs and lesions associated with anticoagulant toxicities?

A 
Hemorrhage
Green or blue-green feces
CNS signs
SQ hematomas
Lameness
Hypovolemic shock
Abortions
Sudden death
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10
Q

What is the clinical pathology with anticoagulant toxicity?

A

Prolongation of any clotting test
PT 1st because of factor 7
By 48 hours, PTT is elevated

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11
Q

What is the treatment for rodenticide toxicity when there are no clinical signs?

A

Decontamination of GI tract: emesis or activated charcoal with cathartic
Vitamin K PO or monito PT

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12
Q

What is the treatment for rodenticide toxicity when there are clinical signs?

A

Correct low PCV, hypovolemia, provide clotting factors

Vitamin K

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13
Q

What is the duration of treatment with warfarin toxicosis?

A

10-14 days

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14
Q

What is the duration of treatment with bromadiolone toxicosis?

A

21 days

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15
Q

What is the duration of treatment with diphacinone, brodifacoum toxicosis?

A

30 days

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16
Q

What are contraindicated drugs during treatment of anticoagulant toxicosis?

A

NSAIDs

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17
Q

What are sources of coumarin anticoagulants?

A

Rodenticides
Moldy sweetclover poisoning
Coumadin

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18
Q

What is the toxic prinicple in Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover)?

A

Coumarin glycosides converted to dicoumarol by molds

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19
Q

What is the MOA of Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover)?

A

Competitively inhibits the epoxide reductase that activates vitamin K

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20
Q

What species is affected by Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover)?

A

Livestock, most often cattle

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21
Q

What time of year does Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover) toxicosis occur?

A

Winter when fed hay

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22
Q

What are the signs of Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover) poisoning?

A 
Blood loss
Hematomas
Anemia
Epistaxis
Hemorrhagic diarrhea
Abortion
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23
Q

What is the clinical pathology with Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover)?

A

Prolonged PT and PTT

Decreased PCV and total protein

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24
Q

What are the lesions with Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover)?

A

Extensive hemorrhages

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25
What is the treatment for Melilotus spp (moldy sweetclover) toxicosis?
Discontinue feeding affected hay Whole blood transfusions Vitamine K
26
What is Pteridium aquilinum?
Bracken fern
27
What is the toxic principle in Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)?
Ptaquiloside in cattle | Thiaminase in horses
28
What is the MOA of Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)?
Hematopoietic depression in cattle | Thiamine in GI tract in horses
29
What is the toxic part of Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)?
All, especially young plants and rhizomes
30
What species are affected by Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)?
Cattle, horses | Rarely swine
31
What is the time frame of Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis?
1-2 months of consumption
32
What is the time of year for Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis?
Late summer, early fall
33
What are the signs of Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis?
``` Emaciation, lethargy Incoordination (bracken staggers) Tremors Bradycardia Convulsions Death 2-10 days after signs ```
34
What are the lesions with Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis in cattle?
Generalized hemorrhage, anemia, aplastic marrow | Urinary bladder: hyperplasia --> neoplasms
35
What are the lesions with Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis in horses?
Enteritis Pericardial hemorrhages Polioencephalomalacia
36
What is the method of diagnosing toxicosis from Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) in horses?
Assay for thiamine in whole blood
37
What is the treatment for Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis in cattle?
Blood transfusions Antibiotics D,I-batyl alcohol
38
What is the treatment for Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) toxicosis in horses?
Thiamine HCl for days to weeks | Supportive
39
What is Acer rubrum?
Red maple
40
What is the toxic principle of Acer rubrum (red maple)?
Gallic and tannic acids
41
What is the MOA of Acer rubrum (red maple)?
Hemoglobin oxidant
42
What is the toxic part of Acer rubrum (red maple)?
Leaves, especially wilted and dried
43
What are the species affected by Acer rubrum (red maple)?
Horses
44
What is the time frame of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
4-5 days after consumption
45
What is the time of year Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis occurs?
Mostly July to October
46
What is the toxic dose of Acer rubrum (red maple)?
>1.5 g/kg BW dried red maple leaves
47
What is the sign of acute 1st phase of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
Methemeglobinemia
48
What is the sign of acute 2nd phase of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
Heinz body anemia Icterus* (extravascular) Hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria (intravascular)
49
What is the lab diagnosis of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
Methemoglobinemia without anemia initially Heinz bodies Low PCV Hyperbilirubinemia
50
What are the lesions with Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
Renal: tubular nephrosis, Hb casts in kidney (if intravascular) Spleen: erytyrophagocytosis, hemosiderosis (extravascular)
51
What is the treatment of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
``` Ascorbic acid to reduce MetHb to Hb α-tocopherol less effective Supportive Whole blood transfusions Fluids, diuresis to reduce Hb nephrosis ```
52
What is the prevention of Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicosis?
Don't plant near horse barns Remove downed limbs or trees immediately after storms Prevent accumulation of leaves in pastures or hay
53
What is Allium?
Onions, garlic
54
What is the toxic principle of Allium (onions, garlic)?
Large variety of sulfur-containing oxidants including N-propyl disulfide Raw, dried, cooked garlic and onions
55
What is the MOA of Allium (onions, garlic)?
Hemolysis of RBCs occurs when oxidative injury from Allium-derived SCOs exceeds erythrocyte antioxidant capabilities Heinz bodies with hemolysis, secondary to oxidant effect
56
What is the toxic part of Allium (onions, garlic)?
Bulb
57
What are the species affected by Allium (onions, garlic)?
All. Horses and cattle are the most susceptible LA | Dogs, cats most susceptible SA
58
What is the time frame of Allium (onions, garlic) toxicosis?
Dose dependent
59
What are the signs of Allium (onions, garlic) toxicosis?
Transient gastroenteritis | Acute hemolytic crisis: cyanosis, low PCV, Heinz bodies, hyperbilirubinemia, HBemia/Hburia, icterus
60
What is the treatment of Allium (onions, garlic) toxicosis?
Supportive therapy: O2 and/or blood replacement | Cats: no methylene blue --> Hz body anemia and MetHb
61
What can cause acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE) or acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS?
Ruminants and horses: 4-ipomeanol Perilla frutescens Ruminants only: lush forage, Brassica sp, 3-methylindole
62
What is the toxic principle of perilla mint?
Perilla ketone (3-substituted furan)
63
What is the MOA of perilla mint?
Mixed function oxidases bioactivate
64
What is the most toxic part of perilla mint?
Flowers and seeds
65
What is the toxic principle of lush forage?
3-MI
66
What is the toxic principle of moldy sweet potato?
4-ipomeanol
67
What is the MOA for ABPE/ARDS?
Free radicals, lipid peroxidation
68
What are the signs of ABPE/ARDS?
Dyspnea, cyanosis, disorientation, bellowing, recumbency, death
69
What are the lesions with ABPE/ARDS?
Pulmonary emphysema Type I cells are absent or necrotic Type II cells replace type I cells causing a glandular appearance
70
What is the treatment of ABPE/ARDS?
Minimize stress | Supportive
71
What is the prevention of ABPE/ARDS?
Avoid abrupt dietary change Limit grazing of Perilla mint during flowering Limit intake of moldy sweet potatoes Ionophores and tetracyclines to inhibit growth of Gm+ ruminal bacteria that convert tryptophan to indole
72
What is the MOA of urea toxicosis?
NH3 absorbed in bloodstream --> toxic to enzymes in TCA cycle
73
What does causes toxicity with NPN?
0.3-1.5 g/kg bw
74
What factors influence toxicity of NPN?
``` Dose Adaptation Acute poisoning pH of rumen High energy feeds needed for proper utilization of urea Death from lactic acidosis or hyperkalemic heart failure Maturity of animals Hydration Hepatic insufficiency Lack of natural protein Fasting Plants with ureases enhance hydrolysis of urea ```
75
What are the signs of urea toxicosis?
Acute onset: 0.5-6 hours Salivation, abdominal pain Muscle tremors, hyperthermia, convulsions Recumbency, bloat, regurgitation of rumen contents
76
What is the lab diagnosis of urea toxicosis?
Metabolic acidosis Blood ammonia: 1-4 mg/dl Rumen ammonia: >80 mg/dl Rumen pH >7.5
77
What is the treatment of urea toxicosis?
Ruminal infusion of cold water and acetic acid, 6 hour intervals to 48 hours Treatment for metabolic acidosis Rumenotomy to remove contaminated feed
78
What are examples of andromedotoxins?
``` Rhododendron spp (Rhododendron, Azaleas) Kalmia (Laurel, lambkill, calfkill) Pieris japonica (Japanese peris) ```
79
What is the toxic principle of andromedotoxins?
Andromedotoxins (diterpenoids)
80
What is the MOA of andromedotoxins?
Toxins bind to and keeps Na channels open | Prlonged depolarization and excitation
81
What is the toxic part of andromedotoxins?
All, especially leaves and flower nectar
82
What species are affected by andromedotoxins?
All, cattle, sheep, goats, horses
83
What is the time frame of andromedotoxins?
Acute, usually hours
84
What is the toxic dose of andromedotoxins?
1-3% BW in cattle experimentally
85
What are the signs of andromedotoxins?
Salivation, burning sensation in mouth. emesis, diarrhea | Bradycardia, hypotension, AV block
86
What is the treatment of andromedotoxins?
``` Emesis Supportive therapy: fluid therapy Atropine for bradycardia Isoproterenol for heart block ```
87
What are Taxus spp. and Cephalotaxus spp?
Yew
88
What is the toxic principle of Taxus spp. and Cephalotaxus spp (Yew)?
Taxine alkaloids A and B
89
What is the MOA of Taxus spp. and Cephalotaxus spp (Yew)?
Inhibits depolarization in the heart
90
What is the toxic part of Taxus spp. and Cephalotaxus spp (Yew)?
All except ripe fruit
91
What species are affected by Taxus spp. and Cephalotaxus spp (Yew)?
All livestock, dogs, wild animals, humans | Monogastrics are more sensitive
92
What is the time frame for Taxus spp. toxicosis?
Acute, sudden death common
93
What is the toxic dose of Taxus spp?
6-8 oz
94
What are the signs of Taxus spp. toxicosis?
Trembling, muscle weakness, dyspnea, collapse | Arrythmiam, bradycardia, heart block
95
What are the lesions associated with Taxus spp?
None
96
Where is Taxus spp. consistently found?
GI tract
97
What is the treatment for Taxus spp?
``` Remove from source Respiration Emesis Gastric lavage Activated charcoal and salin cathartic Atropine early Maintain body fluid and electrolyte balance ```

Toxicology (4 decks)

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