Hematology Flashcards
(28 cards)
how to calculate hematopoiesis
extra credit just know how to fill in
Hb
WBC >———-< Plt
HCT
What is the most prominent part of each part of blood
PLASMA: WATER, proteins (ALBUMIN, globulin, fibrinogen), solutes (ions, nutrients, waste, gases, reg. substances)
Buffy coat: PLATELETS, wbc (NEUTROPHILS, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)
Formed elements: RBC
if you see lots of blasts cells what does that indicate?
the body is forming many immature cells that are not fully functioning yet (precursor cells)
name precursor cells for neutrophils (PMN)
RBCs
Platelets
seg & band/stab (band only: eosinophils and basophils)
Reticulocyte
Megakaryocyte
what are the only cells that should be in circulating blood
what does it mean if this is not the case
mature cells
some immature cells: mature cell count is low (segs & bands of neutrophils, reticulocytes of RBC, megakaryocytes of platelets)
many immature cells: myeloproliferative disorder (blast cells percent! and cancer like leukemia, lymphoma, polycythemia vera)
what can be used to stimulate each type of blood cells if production is low (Inc. hematopoiesis)
RBC: Erythropoietin and androgen (only in males)
Platelets: Thrombopoietin
WBC: Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins
what can be used to inhibit hematopoiesis
Interferons and lymphotoxins
what are the elements of a CBC and what it looks at?
WBC count (total) RBC count Hemoglobin (Hb) Hematocrit (Hct) Mean cell volume (MCV): size Mean cells Hemoglobin (MCH): how much Hb Mean cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): color Red Cell Distribution (RCD): variation of size Platelets Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
what is the adult reference range for WBC
and if the value is not in the range what are you looking for
4.5-10.5x10^3 cell/mm^2
infection (inc neutrophils), leukemia, lymphoma, allergies ( inc eosinophils), trama
what are the classes of WBC
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
inc vs dec suffixes of WBC
cytosis and philia
vs
penia
what test is required to see both the relative percentages and absolute counts of each type of WBC
WBC with Diff
percent and ANC of neutrophils only: includes immature and mature cells (bands, segs and polys)
Absolute count = (realtive %) x (total WBC count)
what does the effect of different absolute neutrophils counts (ANC) have on the body
low ANC: susceptible to infections ANC < 1500 cells low, ANC < 500 critical (panic value)
Leukocytosis indicates:
and specify outcome of each type of cell
infection, inflammatory disorder, malignancy (leukemia or lymphoma <100,000 cells), allergies/parasites (<50,000 cells), medications, spurious- dehydration
neutrophilia: bacterial infection
- rise in segs and bands= left shift
- rise in hypermature neutrophils= right shift
monocytosis: bacteria and viral or inflammatory conditions
lymphocytosis: destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, & virally infected cells?
Eosinophilia: allergies or parasite
leukopenia indicates and types of diseases
Deficient production of WBC in bone marrow (problem with oven)
- Aplastic anemia: not enough RBC, WBC and platelets
- Myelo-dysplastic syndrome: stem cell disorder, precursor of leukemia
- Myelo-pthisic type anemia: marrow is unflitrates and replaced by fibrosis, tumor os granuloma
Consumption or destruction of WBC
- consumed by SEVER infection: spesis or AIDS
- destroyed by spleen: hypersplenism
- immune-mediated destruction: antibodies made to RBC
what is the adult reference range for RBC
Male: 5-6x10^6 cells/mm^2
females: 4-6x10^6 cells/mm^2
look for anemias
what is the shape, lifespan, and elimination mechanism of RBC
biconcave, with no nucleus
120 days
macrophages in reticuloendothelial organs or in circulation by the spleen is too old or abnormal cells
What causes a decrease in RBC
Under production of RBC
- factor deficiencies (not enough ingredients)
- production deficiencies (problem with the oven)
Increased destruction of RBC
- Intra-corpuscular: inside RBC
- Extra-corpuscular: outside RBC
Other
- loss RBC: hemorrhage (period, cancer, trauma)
- meds
- spurious- overhydration or pregancy
Describe diseases associated with factor deficiencies
lack of ingredients affect size of cell
- iron-deficiency anemia
- Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency anemia
- Sideroblastic anemia (hereditary, cant incorporate iron ringed sideroblasts)
Describe diseases associated with production defects
problem with the bone marrow where cells are made (oven problem)
-systemic disease: anemia of chronic disease (chronic inflammation)
- hypoplastic marrow
- -aplastic anemia
- myelo-dysplastic synd.
- myelo-phthisic type anemia
- marrow toxicity
Describe diseases associated with intra-corpuscular destruction of RBC
Problem with hemoglobin, enzymes, membranes
- abnormal hemoglobin structure= sickle cell anemia
- abnormal hemoglobin synthesis= Thalassemia A+B (abnormal globin chains)
- RBC enzyme deficiency= G6PD deficiency
- RBC membrane abnormalities= hereditary spherocytosis (sphere RBC not disk)
Describe diseases associated with extra-corpuscular destruction of RBC
problem with antibodies, complement, toxins, parasites
- autoimmune antibodies (IgG mediated)
- Isoimmune antibodies: antibodies we already have are a problem
- attack by complement
- toxins
- parasites
- HYPERSPLENISM
what causes an inc in RBC
Polycythemia vera (marrow overproduces erythroid cells=
high altitude
tumor the secretes erythropoietin
medication
spurious- dehydration
how to acquire information about RBC morphology
Peripheral smear
