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Lab Studies > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

how to calculate hematopoiesis

extra credit just know how to fill in

A

Hb
WBC >———-< Plt
HCT

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2
Q

What is the most prominent part of each part of blood

A

PLASMA: WATER, proteins (ALBUMIN, globulin, fibrinogen), solutes (ions, nutrients, waste, gases, reg. substances)

Buffy coat: PLATELETS, wbc (NEUTROPHILS, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

Formed elements: RBC

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3
Q

if you see lots of blasts cells what does that indicate?

A

the body is forming many immature cells that are not fully functioning yet (precursor cells)

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4
Q

name precursor cells for neutrophils (PMN)

RBCs

Platelets

A

seg & band/stab (band only: eosinophils and basophils)

Reticulocyte

Megakaryocyte

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5
Q

what are the only cells that should be in circulating blood

what does it mean if this is not the case

A

mature cells

some immature cells: mature cell count is low (segs & bands of neutrophils, reticulocytes of RBC, megakaryocytes of platelets)

many immature cells: myeloproliferative disorder (blast cells percent! and cancer like leukemia, lymphoma, polycythemia vera)

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6
Q

what can be used to stimulate each type of blood cells if production is low (Inc. hematopoiesis)

A

RBC: Erythropoietin and androgen (only in males)
Platelets: Thrombopoietin
WBC: Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins

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7
Q

what can be used to inhibit hematopoiesis

A

Interferons and lymphotoxins

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8
Q

what are the elements of a CBC and what it looks at?

A 
WBC count (total)
RBC count
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hematocrit (Hct)
Mean cell volume (MCV): size
Mean cells Hemoglobin (MCH): how much Hb
Mean cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): color
Red Cell Distribution (RCD): variation of size
Platelets
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
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9
Q

what is the adult reference range for WBC

and if the value is not in the range what are you looking for

A

4.5-10.5x10^3 cell/mm^2

infection (inc neutrophils), leukemia, lymphoma, allergies ( inc eosinophils), trama

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10
Q

what are the classes of WBC

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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11
Q

inc vs dec suffixes of WBC

A

cytosis and philia
vs
penia

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12
Q

what test is required to see both the relative percentages and absolute counts of each type of WBC

A

WBC with Diff

percent and ANC of neutrophils only: includes immature and mature cells (bands, segs and polys)

Absolute count = (realtive %) x (total WBC count)

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13
Q

what does the effect of different absolute neutrophils counts (ANC) have on the body

A

low ANC: susceptible to infections ANC < 1500 cells low, ANC < 500 critical (panic value)

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14
Q

Leukocytosis indicates:

and specify outcome of each type of cell

A

infection, inflammatory disorder, malignancy (leukemia or lymphoma <100,000 cells), allergies/parasites (<50,000 cells), medications, spurious- dehydration

neutrophilia: bacterial infection
- rise in segs and bands= left shift
- rise in hypermature neutrophils= right shift

monocytosis: bacteria and viral or inflammatory conditions
lymphocytosis: destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, & virally infected cells?

Eosinophilia: allergies or parasite

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15
Q

leukopenia indicates and types of diseases

A

Deficient production of WBC in bone marrow (problem with oven)

  • Aplastic anemia: not enough RBC, WBC and platelets
  • Myelo-dysplastic syndrome: stem cell disorder, precursor of leukemia
  • Myelo-pthisic type anemia: marrow is unflitrates and replaced by fibrosis, tumor os granuloma

Consumption or destruction of WBC

  • consumed by SEVER infection: spesis or AIDS
  • destroyed by spleen: hypersplenism
  • immune-mediated destruction: antibodies made to RBC
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16
Q

what is the adult reference range for RBC

A

Male: 5-6x10^6 cells/mm^2
females: 4-6x10^6 cells/mm^2

look for anemias

17
Q

what is the shape, lifespan, and elimination mechanism of RBC

A

biconcave, with no nucleus
120 days
macrophages in reticuloendothelial organs or in circulation by the spleen is too old or abnormal cells

18
Q

What causes a decrease in RBC

A

Under production of RBC

  • factor deficiencies (not enough ingredients)
  • production deficiencies (problem with the oven)

Increased destruction of RBC

  • Intra-corpuscular: inside RBC
  • Extra-corpuscular: outside RBC

Other

  • loss RBC: hemorrhage (period, cancer, trauma)
  • meds
  • spurious- overhydration or pregancy
19
Q

Describe diseases associated with factor deficiencies

A

lack of ingredients affect size of cell

  • iron-deficiency anemia
  • Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency anemia
  • Sideroblastic anemia (hereditary, cant incorporate iron ringed sideroblasts)
20
Q

Describe diseases associated with production defects

A

problem with the bone marrow where cells are made (oven problem)
-systemic disease: anemia of chronic disease (chronic inflammation)

  • hypoplastic marrow
  • -aplastic anemia
  • myelo-dysplastic synd.
  • myelo-phthisic type anemia
  • marrow toxicity
21
Q

Describe diseases associated with intra-corpuscular destruction of RBC

A

Problem with hemoglobin, enzymes, membranes

  • abnormal hemoglobin structure= sickle cell anemia
  • abnormal hemoglobin synthesis= Thalassemia A+B (abnormal globin chains)
  • RBC enzyme deficiency= G6PD deficiency
  • RBC membrane abnormalities= hereditary spherocytosis (sphere RBC not disk)
22
Q

Describe diseases associated with extra-corpuscular destruction of RBC

A

problem with antibodies, complement, toxins, parasites

  • autoimmune antibodies (IgG mediated)
  • Isoimmune antibodies: antibodies we already have are a problem
  • attack by complement
  • toxins
  • parasites
  • HYPERSPLENISM
23
Q

what causes an inc in RBC

A

Polycythemia vera (marrow overproduces erythroid cells=
high altitude
tumor the secretes erythropoietin

medication
spurious- dehydration

24
Q

how to acquire information about RBC morphology

A

Peripheral smear

25
Q

what is HB and what is the adult reference range for Hb

A

mass/ amount of Hb in a volume of whole blood (direct indication of oxygen transport capacity)

male: 14-17g/dL
female: 12-15g/dL

26
Q

what is Hct and what is the adult reference range for Hct

A

percentage of volume of blood made of RBC (packed red cell volume)

males: 40-50%
females: 35-40%

27
Q

what affects hb and hct

A

fluid status: hemocrit is more affected by this

  • inc hct= dehydration
  • dec hct= over-hydration

blood loss

  • acute: fast drop in hb and hct
    chromic: slow drop in hb and hct
28
Q

what is MCV and what is the adult reference range for MCV

A

average size of RBC
80-100 fL/cell

MCV is the most useful

Lab Studies (2 decks)

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