hematology Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
percentage of components in blood
A
- 55% plasma
- 1% white blood cells and platelets
- 44% red blood cells
2
Q
what is serum
is fibrinogen present
A
- part of blood after coagulation
- no
3
Q
what is plasma
is fibrinogen present
A
- liquid cell free part of blood treated with anti coagulants
- yes
4
Q
function of blood
5 reason
A
- transporting oxygen
- forming blood clots
- carrying cells and antibodies fight infection
- bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver
- regulating body temperature
5
Q
physical properties of blood ( 3 properties )
ph of blood
temperature of blood
shelf life and average vol. of blood
A
- ticky , opaque fluid , metallic taste
- 7.35 -7.45
- 38 degrees
- 21/35 days , 5-6l in males , 4-5 l females
6
Q
- special protein in RBC and what does it do
- what is hematocrit
- shelf life of RBC
- life span of RBC
- name of immature RBC
- another name of RBC
A
- haemoglobin , carries oxygen from lungs to body
- percentage of blood volume
- 42 days
- 120 in peripheral blood
- reticulocytes
- erythrocytes
7
Q
-structure of RBC ( 2 )
A
- biconcave shapes
- no nucleus
8
Q
- another name for platelets
- is platelets a cell ?
- shelf life
- lifespan
- what does platelets do and how does it work ( 2 marks )
A
- thrombocytes
- no, its a fragment of the cytoplasm of the cell
- 5 days
- 8-9 days
- 1) go the site of injury, stick to lining of injured blood vessels and form a platform
2) formation of fibrin clot, covers wound and prevents blood from leaking
9
Q
- what is the liquid component of blood
- what is its main function
- shelf life
A
- plasma
- transport blood cells throughout body
- 1 year
10
Q
- another word for WBC
- most common type of WBC
- whats diapedesis
A
- leucocytes
- neutrophils
- the passage of blood cells thru capillaries walls
11
Q
- is neutrophil a granulocyte
- function of neutrophil
- what does it mean when neutrophil count is high
A
- yes
- phagocytosis
- infection
12
Q
- is eosinophil a granulocytes
- structure of eosinophil nucleus
- function of eosinophil
- what does it mean when eosinophil count is high
A
- yes
- bilobed nucleus
- regulate immediate type hypersensitivity reactions
- indicates an parasitic infection or allergic reaction
13
Q
is basophil a granulocytes
- function of basophil ( 4 function )
A
- yes
- produce heparin which prevent blood clotting too quickly
- help out with certain inflammatory reactions
- mediate immediate type hypersensitivity
- controlling inflammatory responses by releasing heparin and protease
14
Q
2 leucocytes that are agranular
A
- monocyte
- lymphocytes
15
Q
what is hematopoiesis
A
developments of blood cells
16
Q
what is bone marrow composed of ( 2 things )
A
stromal cells and stem cells
17
Q
are red marrow located is flat or long bones
are yellow marrow located in flat or long bones
A
flat
long
18
Q
where is the site of haematopoiesis
10- 12 weeks (embryo)
12-19weeks ( active )
6 months ( active )
A
- yolk sac
- liver , spleen
- bone marrow
19
Q
in adults where are the major site of hematopoiesis
what is extramedullary haemopoiesis and why does it happen
A
- sternum and iliac crest
- production at other sites other than bone marrow and it happens because lack of functioning rbcs and platelets
20
Q
what is erythropoietin and what does it do
A
its a protein that prompts red blood cells production
21
Q
what are the common hematology tests done
7 types
A
1) full blood count testing
2) white blood cells count
3) red blood cell count
4) platelet count
5) hematocrit red blood cell volume
6) haemoglobin testing
7) blood film
22
Q
anisocytosis
A
variation in size
23
Q
macrocyte
A
large red cell
24
Q
microcyte
A
small red cell
25
hypochromic
pale looking rbcs
26
hyperchromic
very dark looking rbc
27
polychromasia
grayish blue reticulocytes which still contain rna fragments which arent present on erythrocytes
28
variation in size rbc
anisocytosis
29
large red cell
macrocytes
30
small red cell
microcytes
31
pale looking rbc
hypochromic
32
dark looking rbc
hyperchromic
33
grayish blue reticulocytes
polychromasia
34
what are the disease associated with polychromasia
acute and chronic hemorrhage
hemolysis
35
what is poikilocytosis
variations in shape of cell
36
spherocytes
appear as spheres with no central area of pallor
37
codocytes ( target cells )
dark red spot in the middle
38
acanthocytes (spur cells )
spiked cell membrane
| irregular thorny projections
39
echinocytes (burr cells)
short
blunt
evenly spaced projections
40
stomatocytes ( mouth cells )
cells possess a central slit
41
degmacytes
semicircular portions removed from the cell margin
| pac man
42
drepanocytes
sickle cell
43
dacrocytes
shaped like teardrops
44
schistocytes
helmet shapes
45
rouleaux
stacked coins
46
elliptocytes
cigar shaped rbc
47
what is the increased amount of neutrophils called
neutrophilia
48
auer rods
form elongated needles
49
what is anaemia
it is a condition that develops when blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells
50
symptoms of anemia
```
fatigue
rapid heart rate
shortness of breath
dizziness
pale skin
leg cramps
insomnia
```
51
what causes anemia
blood loss
faulty red blood cell production
destruction of RBC
52
where does blood loss happens at for anemia
gastrointestinal condition like ulcers
usage of NSAIDS ( nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs )
menstruation
53
conditions associated with decreased or faulty rbc production ( 5 points )
sickle cell anemia
iron deficiency anemia
vitamin deficiency
bone marrow and stem cell problems
other health condition
54
which grp of ppl are at highest risk of iron deficiency anemia
women who menstruate
pregnant women
ppl undergo major surgeries
ppl with gastrointestinal disease
vegetarians
55
symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
pale or yellow skin
fatigue
shortness of breathe
rapid heartbeat
headache
craving for ice
brittle nails / hair loss
56
what is vacuolization
sign of active phagocytosis , bacteria infection
57
what is toxic granulation
another word for it
is characterized by the presence of few to many prominent primary blue black granules
hype granulation
58
hypogranulation
decrease in number or complete absence of specific primary granules
59
hypersegmentation
6 nuclear lobes
60
lymphocytosis
increase amount of lymphocytes
61
basket cell or smudge cell
formed due to fragile cell that easily damaged when slide preparation occur
62
hairy cell
just hairy
63
what is iron deficiency anemia
common type of anemia when body does not have enough iron
64
how is a iron deficiency anemia diagnosed (4 points )
complete blood count test (CBC)
blood in stool
abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract
urine for blood
blood slide smear
65
what is leukemia
cancer of the blood or bone marrow
66
symptoms for leukemia
night sweats
unintentional weight loss
bone pain
swollen lymph nodes
enlargements of the liver or spleen
red sports on the skin
bleed easily
fevers
infections
67
what is acute leukemia
rapidly dividing and disease progresses quickly
68
chronic leukemia
features of chronic leukemia cell
these cells have the features of both immature and mature cells
worsen alot slower compared to acute leukemia
69
myelogenous or myeloid leukemia
leukemia developed with myeloid cell line
70
lymphocytic leukemia
developed from the lymphoid cell line
71
what is acute lymphocytic leukemia
will they cause swelling in the lymph nodes
primitive blood forming cells called lymphoblast reproduce without developing into normal blood cells
yes
72
- is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) common in adults or children
- what is AML
adults
it is the most common type of acute leukemia found in older adults and it is myeloblast reproduce without developing into normal RBC
73
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- is it common in adults or children
- does CLL patients get obvious symptoms ?
- what is CLL
- what will you notice in a blood smear
- adults
- no, they can feel well for years without needing treatment
- it is when abnormla lymphocytes cant fight infection as well as normal cells
- presence of smudge cells
74
chronic myelogenous leukemia ( CML)
- common in children or adults or older adults
- does symptoms shows obviously ?
- what are the abnormal cells in CML
- older adults
- patient may have little or no symptoms for months or year before the leukemia cells grow quickly
- myeloid cells
75
what are the test that can diagnosed leukemia (3 test )
- complete blood count
- tissue biopsies
- biopsies of other organs
76
treatment for leukemia( 5 )
- chemotherapy
- radiation
- stem cell transplantation
- biological or immune therapy
- targeted therapy
77
thalassemia
- what is thalessemia
- what is it caused by
- it is an inherited blood disorder
| - genetic mutation or deletion of certain key gene fragments
78
the hemoglobin molecule is made of how many alpha and beta chain
2 a
2b
79
what is alpha thalassemia
hemoglobin does not produce enuf alpha protein
80
alpha thalassemia
- one faulty gene \
( 1) symptoms 2) specific name of the faulty gene conditions, does it need blod transfusion?)
- two faulty gene
( 1) symptoms 2) specific name of the faulty gene conditions, does it need blod transfusion?)
- three faulty gene
( what type of chronic anemia, symptoms ( 3 points ), does it need blod transfusion?)
- four faulty gene
( 1) specific name of the faulty gene conditions, what condition does this cause, does it need blod transfusion?)
- no symptoms, alpha thalassemia minima, no it does not
- mild anemia , alpha thalessemia minor, no it does not
- hemoglobin H disease, overgrown cheeks, forehead, jar, extremely large spleen, jaundice , yes it does
- alpha thalassemia major, hydrops fetalis( fluid in baby body ) , yes it does
