HEMATOLOGY

Question 1

Transport of gases
and maintenance of acid-based balance

Answer 1

Erythrocytes

Question 2

Promotes production of Mature RBC in the bone marrow

Answer 2

Erythropoietin

Question 3

Necessary for RBC production

Answer 3

Iron

Question 4

Lifespan of RBCs

Answer 4

120 days

Question 5

An invasive procedure that helps in
evaluating the patient’s hematologic
status

Answer 5

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Question 6

Most Common site for BMB

Answer 6

iliac crest or sternum

Question 7

Advise client to avoid any activity that might result in trauma in the site
for ____

Answer 7

48H

Question 8

A disorder in which there is a
deficiency in the number of
erythrocytes, the quantity of
hemoglobin and/or volume of
RBCs (hematocrit)

Answer 8

Anemia

Question 9

Group of diseases involving inadequate production of normal Hgb which decreases RBC production

Answer 9

Thalassemia

Question 10

Has Heterozygous form: 1 thalassemic gene and 1 normal

Answer 10

Thalassemia MINOR

Question 11

It has a Homozygous form: 2 thalassemic genes; a life-threatening disease that slows the growth
physically and mentally

Answer 11

Thalassemia MAJOR

Question 12

A rare disease caused by the
decrease in or damage to marrow stem cells

Answer 12

Aplastic Anemia

Question 13

Group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and characterized by the presence of large RBCs

Answer 13

Megaloblastic Anemia

Question 14

it is either caused by a deficiency in B12 or Folic Acid which is essential for normal DNA synthesis

Answer 14

Megaloblastic Anemia

Question 15

A type of hemolytic anemia that causes destruction or hemolysis of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production

Answer 15

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 16

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis d/t inadequate blood flow to specific organ or tissue

Answer 16

Sickle crisis

Question 17

results from infection with human
parvovirus; Hbg falls rapidly and the marrow cannot compensate

Answer 17

Aplastic Anemia

Question 18

Other organs pool the sickled cells
causing infarction (most common splenic infarction in children; for adults, liver, and lungs)

Answer 18

Sequestration crisis

Question 19

Refers to the primary polycythemia, an
increased volume of erythrocytes, which is a proliferative disorder of the myeloid stem cells

Answer 19

Polycythemia Vera

Question 20

X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by defective/ deficient coagulation factor

Answer 20

Hemophilia

Question 21

Classic hemophilia with factor VIII
deficiency, 4x more common

Answer 21

Hemophilia A

Question 22

Hemophilia with Christmas factor or
factor IX deficiency

Answer 22

Hemophilia B

Question 23

slow, persistent, prolonged bleeding from minor trauma and small cuts

Answer 23

Hemophilia

Question 24

Commonly seen in ethnics groups in the Mediterranean sea, Southeastern Asia, Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, Southern Russia and Africa

Answer 24

Thalassemia

Question 25

Palpitations, Mild fatigue, Exertional dyspnea, Hgb 10-12g/dL

Answer 25

Mild Anemia

Question 26

Aside from S/Sx of anemia: infections d/t significant neutropenia, purpura (bruising) d/t significant thrombocytopenia, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, retinal hemorrhages

Answer 26

Aplastic Anemia

Question 27

An autoimmune condition that prevents formation of B12-intrinsic factor complex which decreases absorption of B12

Answer 27

Pernicious anemia

Question 28

inability to release B12 from dietary proteins (may be secondary to H.Pylori infxn, gastric surgery, atrophic gastritis)

Answer 28

Food Cobalamin Malabsorption

Question 29

absence of gastric acid and pepsin results in impaired liberation of B12 from food proteins and reduced intrinsic factors

Answer 29

Gastrectomy/ Bariatric Surgery

Question 30

Cause: 1. Inadequate dietary intake 2. Increased requirements d/t rapid cell proliferation – 3. Intestinal malabsorption d/t surgery and inflammatory disorders like celiac disease 4. Medications such as methotrexate, antibiotics, antiseizure agents 5. Genetic disorders

Answer 30

B9 DEFICIENCY

Question 31

Cause 1. Pernicious anemia 2. Inadequate dietary intake 3. Food Cobalamin Malabsorption 4. Gastrectomy/ Bariatric Surgery 5. Medications such as antacids, PPIs, H2 Blockers, Metformin 6. Small Intestine disorders

Answer 31

B12 DEFICIENCY

Question 32

1) elevated reticulocyte count 2) fraction of unconjugated bilirubin is increased 3) supply of haptoglobin is depleted

Answer 32

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 33

Common triggers for the sickling crises

Answer 33

1. Cold temperature 2. Increased blood viscosity

Question 34

Most common cause of death in sickle cell anemia

Answer 34

Pulmonary Hypertension

Question 35

Fever, Cough, Tachycardia and infiltrates on CXR

Answer 35

Acute chest syndrome

Question 36

Clinical Manifestation - A rapidly hemolyzed and have very a short lifespan (10-12 days) - Enlargement of the bones of the face and skull - Anemia is present (Hgb 7-10g/dL) with jaundice (at sclera), for those w/ chronic anemia tachycardia, cardiac murmurs and cardiomegaly - Any organ may be affected by the thrombosis but most common are in the lungs, spleen, and CNS - Increased susceptibility to infection

Answer 36

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 37

o Typically with ruddy complexion, splenomegaly and generalized pruritus (d/t increased basophils releasing histamine) o Increased blood volumes manifest as headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, fatigue, paresthesia, blurred vision o Increased blood viscosity manifests as angina, claudication, dyspnea and thrombophlebitis o Elevated Blood pressure and uric acid o Erythromyalgia, a burning sensation in the fingers and toes and relieved by cooling

Answer 37

Polycythenia Vera

Question 38

Complication for PV: Increased risk of thromboses causes __

Answer 38

CVA & MI

Question 39

Thrombotic complications as the most common causes of death

Answer 39

Complication for PV

Question 40

Reduction of platelets below 150,000 mcL and occurs d/t impaired production, increased destruction or abnormal distribution

Answer 40

Thrombocytopenia

Question 41

A disease that affects people of all ages but more common in children and young women

Answer 41

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Question 42

occurs predominantly in children, appears 1-6 weeks after a viral illness, self-limited and may have a remission that occurs spontaneously within 6 months

Answer 42

ACUTE Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Question 43

Diagnosed by exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia

Answer 43

CHRONIC Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Question 44

An uncommon syndrome characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and neurologic abnormalities, fever and renal abnormalities

Answer 44

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Question 45

Caused by deficiency of plasma enzyme (ADAMTS13) that breaks down von Willebrand clotting factor into normal size

Answer 45

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Question 46

Not a disease but a sign of an underlying condition. it may be triggered by sepsis, trauma, cancer, shock, abruptio placentae, toxins, and allergic reactions

Answer 46

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Question 47

1. slow, persistent, prolonged bleeding from minor trauma and small cuts 2. delayed bleeding after minor injuries (several hours to days) 3. uncontrollable hemorrhage after dental extraction/ irritation of the gingiva with a hard-bristle toothbrush 4. nosebleeds, especially after a blow to the face 5. hematuria and potential renal failure from GU trauma and splenic rupture 6. bruising and subcutaneous hematomas 7. neurologic signs, such as pain, anesthesia and paralysis 8. hemarthrosis (bleeding in the joints)

Answer 47

Hemophilia

Question 48

blood is taken from the patient and passed through a centrifuge where a specific component is separated and removed. The remaining blood is then returned to the client

Answer 48

APHERESIS

Question 49

Phases of Clotting Mechanism

Answer 49

1. Vascular Phase 2. Platelet Phase 3. Coagulation Phase 4. Clot Retraction 5. Clot Destruction

Question 50

largest lymphoid organ on the upper left quadrant; functions include: 1) hematopoietic, 2) filtration, 3) immunologic and 4) storage

Answer 50

Spleen

Question 51

A local anesthesia will be given and produce a _____

Answer 51

stinging/ burning sensation

Question 52

Cover the site with dressing to control bleeding and MONITOR for

Answer 52

24 hours

Question 53

Hgb 6-10g/dL, Bounding Pulse, Fatigue, dyspnea, Roaring in the ears

Answer 53

Moderate Anemia

Question 54

Tachycardia, lethargy, Pallor, jaundice, pruritus, Tachypnea, Bone pain, Glossitis, smooth tongue, retinal hemorrhage, blurred vision, Headache, Hgb <6g/dL

Answer 54

Severe Anemia

Question 55

Often asymptomatic, with mild-moderate anemia with microcytic and hypochromic cells, mild splenomegaly, bronze skin, and bone marrow hyperplasia

Answer 55

Thalassemia Minor

Question 56

S/Sx develops by age 2 with general symptoms of anemia, and jaundice is prominent and pronounced splenomegaly

Answer 56

Thalassemia Major

Question 57

Food High in B12 (Cobalamin)

Answer 57

o Beef liver o Clams o Tuna/ bluefin o Nutritional yeast o Salmon

Question 58

Food High in Folate

Answer 58

o Beef liver o Spinach o Breakfast cereals o Rice o Asparagus

Question 59

• Hematologic effects are accompanied by effects on other organ systems • Extremely pale, confused and exhibits paresthesias in the extremities • Difficulty maintaining balance d/t spinal cord damage and loss of position sense • S/Sx are progressive and may have spontaneous remissions and exacerbations

Answer 59

B12 and B9 Deficiency

Question 60

Apheresis procedure that remove platelets

Answer 60

Platelet pheresis

Question 61

Apheresis procedure that remove WBCs

Answer 61

Leukapheresis

Question 62

Apheresis procedure that remove RBCs

Answer 62

Erythrocytapheresis (RBC exchange)

Question 63

Apheresis procedure that remove plasma proteins

Answer 63

Plasmapheresis (Plasma Exchange)

Question 64

Apheresis procedure that remove circulating stem cells

Answer 64

Stem cell Harvest

Question 65

1) compromised organ function 2) low platelet and fibrinogen levels, 3) prolonged PT, aPTT, and thrombin time elevated D-dimers (FDGs)

Answer 65

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation