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Bio300 exam 1 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged lymphnodes

Infection
Cancer (metastasis, lymphoma)

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2
Q

Lymphedema

A

Blood lymphatic drainage
Surgical removal of lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen

Circulating overload (HF)
Immune disorders
Disorders with breakdown of blood vessels

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4
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease WBC

Serious or sustained inflammation
WBCs depleted

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5
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase WBCs

Acute bacterial infections
*usually rise in neutrophil or shifted CBC

Chronic inflammatory disorders (rise in monocytosis)

Allergic response or acute parasitic infections (rise in eosinophil)

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6
Q

Rise in monocytes

A

Monocytosis

Chronic inflammatory disorder

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7
Q

Rise in eosinophil

A

Eosinophilia

Allergic responses

Acute parasitic infection

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8
Q

Lymphopenia and lymphocytosis

A

Refers to only when it is both T and B cells.

If it is just one than it will have a different name

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9
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Decrease in lymphocytes both T and B

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10
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increase in lymphocytes both T and B

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11
Q

Neutropenia vs neutrophilia

A

Neutropenia: Decrease in neutrophils

Neutrophilia: Increase in neutrophils

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12
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Absence of/ abnormal decrease of granulocytes

Due to decrease in neutrophils

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13
Q

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A

Total umber of neutrophil’s (segs and bands)

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14
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

Ex: aplastic anemia: bone marrow fails, decrease in all these cell counts

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15
Q

Shifted WBC diff

A

Increase in neutrophil bands count (immature cells)
*means infection

bone marrow pushing immature neutrophils out too fast

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16
Q

How to recognize a shift in the CBC lab results

A

Increase in neutrophils band count

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17
Q

Significance of a decrease in the “absolute neutrophil count”

A

Risk of infection
(Need to put pt into neutropenic precautions if ANC under 500)

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18
Q

How to calculate the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A

% segs + %bands x WBC count
——————————————
100

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19
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Life threatening
Bone marrow failure

Causes:
Exposure to chemical tocins
Severe adverse effects of drugs

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20
Q

Aplastic

A

Reduction or absence of cells

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21
Q

What would the CBC and bone marrow look like with Aplastic anemia

A

Its a pancytopenia

Means it has decreases in all 3 cell lines
(WBCs, RBCs, Platelets)

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22
Q

Blood smear gives what info

A

Qualitative info:
Shape
Maturity

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23
Q

Normal inflammatory and immune responses

A

Acute inflammation
Adaptive immunity

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24
Q

Sepsis

A

Dysregulated systemic inflammatory response to an infection
(microbial response)

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25
Septic shock
Progression of sepsis into shock Circulatory failure Blood vessels failing to dysregulate inflammation (Increase hydrostatic pressure causes edema) (Microbial infection)
26
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Similar to sepsis and septic shock but without an infection Excessive inflammation without a cause (Dont use antimicrobial bc will not help)
27
Type I, IgE mediated
Allergies mast cells with IgE on them in airway or GI and catch antigen when detected (Breath it in and catches it)
28
Type II, antibody-mediated
Antibody other than IgE attaches to cell surface and effects it Ex. Thyroid
29
Type III, immune complex-mediated
Antibody join antigen turn into antibody-antigen complexes Ex. Lupus in blood
30
Type IV, cell mediated
Recruits T-cytotoxic killer cells Delayed response 48-72 hours Ex. Tb test, poison ivy
31
2 types of hypersensitivity responses with latex allergy
Type I. IgE-mediated (life threatening) Type IV. Cell-mediated (start itching couple days after) *contact dermititis
32
Graft vs Host
1. Must be immunocompromised 2. Graft tissue must have competent immune cells Ex. Bone marrow transplant
33
Host vs Graft
Host rejects new tissue
34
Autoimmune response
Failure of immune self tolerance Immune system attacks self
35
Primary (congenital) born with immunodeficiency disorders
B cell deficiency T cell deficiency Combined t cell and b cell deficiency
36
B cell deficiency
Different types bc it depends on which one is affected (Affects immune system)
37
T cell deficiency
Digeorge syndrome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
38
T and b cell deficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder Effect on CD4 helpers or CD8 killer cells
39
Acquired (not born with it) immunodeficiency disorder
HIV and AIDS
40
Blood markers of HIV
Particularly CD4 cell counts and viral load
41
How does HIV work and get to AIDS
HIV RNA increases Causing CD4 cells to decrease Then later it causes CD8 cells to drop AIDS is when CD4 cells drop to under 200
42
Clinical manifestation of HIV
Opportunisitic infections Neoplastic malignancies Late stages: nervous system manifestations HIV wasting syndrome metabolic disorders
43
Platelet count
Increased = thrombocytosis Decreased = thrombocytopenia
44
Prothrombin time (PT)
Increased: Takes longer to form clots *monitors extrinsic pathways
45
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Increased: Prolonged time to form clot *intrinsic pathway
46
Fibrinogen
Precursor to fibren
47
Fibrin degradation products (fibrin split products)
Increase: increase rate of fibrinlysis (breaking up clots)
48
D-dimer
Presense indicates destruction of cross-linked fibrin
49
how does the international normalized ratio (INR) relate to the prothrombin time (PTT)
INR : more flexible way to report PTT. Makes a ratio INR and PTT is the same thing Increase : prolonged clotting
50
Causes of hypercoagulation And Worries about it
Increased platelet # or function Increase coagulation activity Worried: Causing too many clots (thrombus or embolus)
51
Thrombus vs embolus
Thrombus: clot in blood vessel (DVT) Embolus: clot that is moving freely through blood vessel until it gets stuck (PE)
52
Risk factors of developing DVT
Stasis of venous flow in leg Injury to endothelial layer of blood vessels Hyper coagulable state
53
Altered platelet function
Can have normal # of platelets But the function is not normal so you cant treat with platelets
54
Petechia indicates what about platelet status
Insufficient formation of platelet plugs
55
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (#) Vs Aspirin-induced alteration in platelet function (Function)
Heparin: causes abnormal immune complexes that destroy platelets Aspirin: causes platelets not to be able to activate and get sticky
56
How does liver disorders effect blood coagulation
Bleeding problems bc decrease in clotting factor
57
How does vit k deficiency effect blood coagulation
Needed for the liver to make clot factors Decrease =impaired clotting
58
How does decreased calcium effect blood coagulation
Cofactor for coagulation Decrease= impaired clotting
59
Von Willebrand disease (Disorder of coagulation)
Inherited deficiency of vWF
60
Hemophilia A vs B (Disorder of coagulation)
A: inherited deficiency of factor VIII B: inherited deficiency of factor IX
61
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Excessive formation of abnormal blood clots in blood vessels Associated with D-Dimer Get excessive clotting and excessive bleeding
62
Erythrocyte count
RBC count Decrease = not enough carrying capacity for oxygen
63
Hematocrit
Percentage of RBCs Decrease=not enough carrying capacity for oxygen
64
Hemoglobin
Decrease= low perfusion or oxygenation What carry oxygen on RBCs
65
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Amount of hgb in cells Decrease: low hgb in RBCs (in weight) *Used to see cause of anemia
66
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Concentration of hgb in cells Decrease = “Pale” RBCs (hypochromic) (Iron deficiency anemia) *used to see cause of anemia
67
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Average size of RBCs Decrease = too small Increased= too large
68
Microcytic vs macrocytic
Microcytic: small RBCs Macrocytic: large RBCs
69
Hypochromic
Decreased MCHC (concentration of RBCs) And MCH
70
Reticulocyte
Final precursor of erythrocytes
71
What does it mean if we have a reticulocyte imbalance
High = anemia due to RBCs getting destroyed too early Low = anemia (low RBCs)
72
Polycythemica
RBC percentage is too high Increases the viscosity (thickness) of blood
73
How does polycythemica decrease perfusion (therfore increases risk of ischemia and hypoxic-ischemic cell damage)
Increase in RBCs mean increased hematocrit which thickens blood and slows down blood Can be caused by excess of RBCs or deficiency of water in plasma (dehydrated)
74
Polycythemia vera
Overproduction of RBCs by the bone marrow Caused by: Chronic lung disease (compensatory response to prolonged hypoxia) when kidneys o2 supply is low t releases erythropoietin increasing RBC production
75
Dehydration causes Secondary polycythemia
Ex. Hematocrit increased bc of the water deficit Tx: rehydrating (restoring normal water volume)
76
Anemia
Low volume of RBCs And/Or Low volume of hemoglobin
77
How do the conditions of low RBC volume and/or low hemoglobin volume disrupt the health of the body?
Too thin blood = move too fast (heart murmur) Decreased oxygen carrying capacity
78
Clinical manifestations of anemia
Dizziness Low perfusion/hypoxia Weakness Lightheadedness Low RBCs/Hgb
79
Microcytic vs macrocytic
Microcytic: decreased MCV (RBC smaller) Macrocytic : increase MCV (RBC bigger)
80
Acute blood loss vs chronic
Acute: normocytic and normochromic Chronic: microcytic and hypochromic
81
Hemolytic anemias
Blood transfusion reaction (acquired type) Sickle cell disease (congenital or primary type)
82
Blood transfusion reaction (Acquired type of hemolytic anemia)
Abnormal destruction of RBCs caused bu hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)
83
sickle cell disease (Primary/congenital hemolytic anemia)
RBCs change shape and cant carry oxygen
84
Anemias of deficient RBC production
Microcytic anemias (Small RBCs) Megaloblastic anemias (Large RBCs)
85
Microcytic anemias (Small RBCs)
Iron deficiency anemia
86
Megaloblastic anemias (Large RBCs)
Folic acid deficiency anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia
87
Other types of anemia
Aplastic anemia Anemia of chronic disease
88
Aplastic anemia
Bone marrow failure affecting all 3 blood cell lines (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
89
Anemia of chronic disease
“Rule out disorder” When you cant find cause

Bio300 exam 1 (8 decks)

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