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Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.

A

cytokines

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2
Q

a cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

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3
Q

these are blood cells that are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differntiated state.
-should only be found in bone marrow

A

blasts

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4
Q

if blasts are circulating in the blood what should you suspect?

A

malignancy

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5
Q

have many types, including granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes

A

white blood cells (leukocytes)

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6
Q

Granulocytes types (3)

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils.

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7
Q

how granulocytes respond to foreign cells. It is an inborn, non-specific response that does not arise from a previous infection and has no memory.

A

Innate immune response

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8
Q

innate immune response includes this which involves >30 proteins that act in sequence to neutralize, attract, enhance, kill, etc

A

complement cascade

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9
Q

(acquired immunity) this is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens

A

adaptive immune response

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10
Q

Low red blood cell count (RBC) and/or low hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct).

A

anemia

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11
Q

how is anemia caused

A

decrease in production
increase in destruction
blood loss.

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12
Q

lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBC

A

Reticulocyte count

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13
Q

what is a reticulocyte use to determine?

A

bone marrow activity

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14
Q

lab value that reflects the average size of the RBCs; derived from a ratio of packed RBCs to total RBCs.

A

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

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15
Q

RBCs are of average size, usually expressed through a normal MCV.

A

Normocytic

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16
Q

small RBCs, usually expressed through a low MCV.

A

microcytic

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17
Q

large RBCs, usually expressed through a high MCV

A

macrocytic

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18
Q

what test is used to determine size of RBC

A

MCV

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19
Q

a RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through a normal MCHC.

A

Normochromic

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20
Q

lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as MCV.

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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21
Q

a lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.

A

Ferritin Level

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22
Q

If there is inflammation, this test can be ordered to determine available iron stores in the body

A

TfR/Transferrin Receptor Assay

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23
Q

a protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries O2 and CO2. There are many different types (babies have F and most adults have A)

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

a group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule.
ex.

A

Hemoglobinopathy

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25
Hb S is a type of hemoglobinopathy that is seen in what disease?
sickle cell anemia
26
Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
27
a hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs
sickle cell anemia
28
anemia due to decreased red cell production.
Aplastic anemia
29
aplastic anemia is most commonly seen in this disease when all blood elements are low from the failure of bone marrow to generate new cells
pancytopenia
30
break down or destruction of RBCs.
hemolysis
31
a disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Can be an inherited defect in RBCs, non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder or episodically such as G6PD.
Hemolytic anemia
32
inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. May result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.
iron deficiency
33
an inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains
thalassemia
34
what types of thalassemia are there?
alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia
35
a group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts
sideroblastic anemia
36
what causes sideroblastic anemia
chronic alcoholism or lead poisoning
37
characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.
Megaloblastic anemias
38
what types of anemias are microcytic
Iron deficiency thalassemias lead poisoning
39
what types of anemias are normocytic
aplastic anemias hemolytic anemias (G6PD) Hemoglobinopathies (sicke cell)
40
what type of anemias are macrocytic
megaloblastic anemias: B12 and folate deficienes
41
the series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot
coagulation cascade
42
each step in the coagulation cascade requires what before the next step can proceed?
activation of an enzyme
43
how is initial activation usually done for the coagulation cascade to begin?
intrinsic or extrinsic pathyway
44
the end result of the coagulation cascade
thrombin
45
activated by thrombin leading to clot formation
fibrinogen
46
activated by thrombin leading to inhibition of clot fomation
plasminogen
47
Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade
Prothrombin Time (PT) and (INR)
48
Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
49
lab test to determine platelet function
bleeding time
50
a lab test that screens for venous thrombosis
D-dimer
51
lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand’s diseases. Hemophilia is an x-linked recessive disorder
Factor VIII disorders
52
lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia B. (x-linked)
Factor IX disorders
53
lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia C.
Factor XI disorders
54
a decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.
36) Thrombocytopenia
55
a deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
56
a disorder that includes a deficiency of platelets, hemolytic anemia, fever, neurologic abnormalities and purpura with the deposition of microthrombi within the capillaries.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
57
inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders
Thrombophilias
58
a malignant disease where bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, specifically involving lymphocytes.
Lymphocytic leukemia
59
a type of leukemia with a specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl. Starts out chronic, becomes acute.
Myelogenous /Myeloid leukemia
60
A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system.
lymphoma
61
what are to major classes of lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.
62
neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function).
multiple myeloma
63
what clinical symptom will patients with multiple myeloma present with
bone pain in lower back
64
the study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Used in blood blanks
Immunohematology
65
responsible for collecting, storing and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.
blood bank
66
what are transfusions components
1. whole blood 2. plasma only (fluid portion of blood without the cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors) 3. packed RBCs 4. cryoprecipitates 5 platelets only.
67
– a transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate.
cryoprecipitates
68
what is cryoprecipitaties high in
factor VIII
69
when are cryoprecipitates used?
massive hemorrhage
70
transfusion complications:
1. acute (within 24 hours) vs. delayed 2. infectious or non-infectious. 3. TRALI (most fatal)
71
what is TRALI
(transfusion-related acute lung injury) where antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient’s immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.R
72
parents can donate their infant’s cord blood for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic and immunodeficiency disorders.
Umbilical cord blood

Clinical Lab (7 decks)

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