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MicroAnatomy U6 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

General characteristics of blood

A
  • Specialized form of connective tissue
  • Enclosed in blood vessels and flows through body
  • Exchange materials btwn blood and tissues
  • Cooperates with nervous and endocrine systems to integrate and regulate bodily functions
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2
Q

Bloods 2 major components

A

Formed elements- RBCs/WBCs/platelets

Plasma

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3
Q

Proteins in plasma

A 
Albumin
Gamma globulins
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
Other solutes
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4
Q

Albumin

A

Major component of Plasma

  • maintains osmotic pressure of blood
  • role in transport of water insoluble substances
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5
Q

Gamma globulins

A

antibodies

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6
Q

Fibrinogen

A

formation of fibrin during blood clotting

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7
Q

Complement porteins

A

important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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8
Q

Lowest layer after centrifugation

A
  • RBCs
  • About 45% of blood volume
  • Hematocrit
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9
Q

Middle layer after centrifugation

A
  • Buffy coat
  • about 1% of blood volume
  • consists of leukocytes and platelets
  • -lymphocytes/monocytes/neutrophils/eosinophils/basophils
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10
Q

Upper layer after centrifugation

A
  • Blood plasma

- about 50% of blood volume

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11
Q

Factors influencing the ability of RBCs to change shape

A

Geometry- biconcave shape
cytoplasmic viscosity- intracellular [Hb]
Properties of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Plasma membrane of RBC

A

Trilaminar
Membrane skeleton

Lacks- nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, golgi and lysosomes

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13
Q

Membrane skeleton made up of

A 
Spectrin
actin
protein 4.1
-influence deformability of membrane
-stabilize membrane against shearing forces
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14
Q

Rouleaux

A

In small blood vessels rbcs often stack up in aggregates

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

responsible for cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia

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16
Q

Hb globular chromoprotein

A

Tetramer consisting of 4 glob in polypeptide chains

-each associated with heme group

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17
Q

Hemoglobin A1

A

major form in adults

consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains

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18
Q

Hemoglobin A2

A

Minor form in adults

Consists of 2 alpha and 2 delta polypeptide chains

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19
Q

Hemoglobin F

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A

produced during intrauterine period

consists of 2 alpha and 2 gamma polypeptide chains

20
Q

Hemoglobin S

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A

single nucleotide mutation in DNA coding for beta
-glutamic acid–> valine

leads to sickle cell disease
-can lead to anemia and increase blood viscosity

21
Q

RBCs life span and removal

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A

120 days

removed by macrophages–spleen/liver/bone marrow

22
Q

Reticulocytes

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A

RBCs recently released from bone marrow
contain small amount of ribosomal RNA
Useful indicator of rate of erythrocyte production

23
Q

Leukocytes leave vessels by means of

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A

diapedesis

  • btwn cells
  • through cells
24
Q

Granulocytes

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A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

25
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
26
Number of leukocytes
6k-10k/microliter
27
Relative frequency of each leukocyte
``` Neutrophil- 60-70% eosinophil- 2-4% basophil- 0-1% lymphocytes- 20-30% monocytes- 3-8% ```
28
Neutrophils cytoplasmic granules
Specific granules- secondary - very small - 80% of granule population Azurophilic granules- primary - large - stain with Azure B - primary lysosomes
29
Neutrophil functions
Phagocytosis - motile - display chemotaxis - pseudopodia surround bacteria forming phagosomes - specific granules fuse with phagosome - specific granules - azurophilic granules - superoxide anions formation - netosis - microvesicle release - cytokine production - neurophils die and form pus
30
Specific granules
discharge contents into phagosome - lysozyme hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall - lactoferrin is an iron binding protein
31
Azurophilic granules
Fuse with phagosome forming secondary lysosome | -enzymes hydrolyze dead bacterium into its constituent small molecules
32
Eosinophils
2-4% of leukocytes bilobed nucleus granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
33
Eosinophil functions
``` Phagocytosis -kill larvae of parasites -dispose of antigen-antibody complexes -granules fuse with phagosomes enzymes digest phagocytized materal ``` Secretion - release granule contents into ECS - inactivate mediators of inflammation- histamine - synthesize leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor - --role in inflammation - --cause bronchoconstriction - --cause mucus hypersecretion - produce cytotokines - --promote survival and enhance activity
34
Eosinophil potential role in asthma
- Airway constriction - mucus hypersecretion - inflammation of airway - airway remodeling - --increased smooth muscle - --increased collagen in ECM - --goblet cell metaplasia
35
Basophils
0-1% of leukocytes cytoplasmic granules stain intensely with Azure B granules rich in- heparin, histamine and SRS-A
36
Basophil functions
- role in inflammation - immediate hypersensitivity reaction - --IgE attach to cell surface - --rapid degranulation of basophils and mast cells occurs - ----vasodilation and sudden drop in BP - delayed hypersensitivity reactions - --skin reaction to contact with chemicals - --response to tick infestation
37
Lymphocyte functions
20-30% of leukocytes - B lymphocytes- humoral immunity - --differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies - --undergo mitosis in response to antigenic stimulation - ----some plasma cells and some memory B cells
38
T-lymphocytes
cell mediated immunity - T cell receptors on surface - undergo mitosis in response to antigenic stimulation - --memory T cells - --cytotoxic T lymphocytes
39
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Capable of killing foreign or viral infected cells - Recognize other cells that have foreign antigens on their surface - lyse these target cells (perforin) - induce apoptosis in target cells (granzymes)
40
Helper T cells
- Assist B cells and T cells in their response to antigens - produce lymphokines - specific target for HIV
41
suppressor T cells
- suppress or dampen the response to foreign antigens - suppress immune response to self molecules - block anti-tumor responses of cytotoxic T cells
42
Natural Killer cells (NK)
- 5% of circulating lymphocytes - neither B nor T cell surface molecules - large azurophilic granules
43
NK cell function
- Kill virus infected cells - kill malignant cells - production of cytokines that influence host's immune response
44
Monocytes
4% of circulating leukocytes | -contains small azurophilic granules and vacuoles
45
Monocytes major function
- phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debris - concentrate and process certain antigens for presentation to lymphocytes - formation of osteoclasts - formation of giant cells(inflammation) - production of cytokines (involved in regulation of hematopoiesis - immune surveillance
46
Blood platelets
small cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytic normal count- 200k-400k average lifespan 10days contain functional repertoire of mRNAs
47
Platelets function
seal off small breaks in blood vessels play role in blood coagulation maintain competence of vascular endothelium -thrombocytopenia- may result in leaky microvasculature

MicroAnatomy U6 (3 decks)

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