Alanine aminotransferase ALT
And enzyme mainly found in the liver, involved with amino acid catabolism
Aspartate aminotransferase AST
An enzyme found in the liver and a few other places, particularly the heart and skeletal muscles also involved with amino acid catabolism
Alkaline phosphotase ALP
An enzym related to bile ducts, often increased when they are blocked of inflamed, the ALP can back up nd overflow like a sewer into the liver and the blood streams found in bone
Bilirubin
Hydrophobic waste product of the metabolism of hemoglobin,
3 tissues are responsible for removing deteriorating RBCs from circulation
- liver
- spleen
- bone marrow,
eventually all bilirubin is sent to liver
Creatinine
Waste product made in the skeletal muscles and filtered by the kidneys, rising levels in blood are indicative of kidney failure
Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN
Measure of the amount of urea in the blood, often ordered with a creatinine test if kidney failure suspected
Urea
Waste product made from amino acid metabolism in the liver
Basic component of CMP
Na K Ca Cl CO2 Glucose BUN Albumin Total Protein Bilirubin ALP AST ALT
Lipid panel Test
Cholesterol Test
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides
Total Cholesterol
Why are lipid panels done
To test the patients risk for coronary disease or risk of vascular disease in other parts of the body.
Cholesterol sources (2)
Endogenous- the liver
Exogenous- the diet
Glucose
Measure of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemia
Also indicative of diabetes I and II
Sodium functions
- Regulation of plasma volume
- generation of nerve impulse
- generation of muscle contraction
- facilitation of glucose absorption on the small intestine
Potassium functions
Generation of nerve impulse
-generation of muscle contraction
-acid base balance
Calcium function
Muscle contraction -cardiac function -enzyme activation Exocytosis o neurotransmitters -blood clotting -normal bone and tooth formation
Chloride
Acid base balance
-facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)
Albumin
Protein synthesized by the liver, it is used to determine nutritional status or for determining certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases
Functions of albumin
- maintenance of oncotic pressure
- transport of thyroid hormones, fat soluble hormones, “free” fatty acids, and unconjugated bilirubin, drugs
- competitively binds calcium
- acts as a buffer for pH
LDL-C
Is sometimes portrayed as “bad” cholesterol, high LDL concentration is associated with fatty deposits (plaque) in the arteries (atherosclerosis)
HDL-C
“Good” cholesterol helps carry away cholesterol that the cells don’t need and takes it to the liver were it is excreted as bile
normal range of triaglycerides
35-160mg/dL
Erythrocytes Sedimentation rate ESR
Used to detect acute and chronic inflammation, including infectionss and autoimmune diseases
A1C Test
Hemoglobin test is most indicativeerage blood glucose levels over the last 3-4 months normal levels is about 4-6%
Elevated ESR are often associated with which conditions?
Temporal Arteritis
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Many others
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Shoulder and pelvic joint stiffness
anisocytosis
variation in rbc size
poikilocytosis
variation in shape of rbc
erythropoietin
important growth factor
reticulocytes
immature rbcs
ingredients for RBCs
amino acids, folic acid, iron and b 12
band 3
an integral protein 25% of total protein anion transport Cl for bicarbonate
glycophorins
negatively charged proteins that reduced red cells with one another and other cells
aquaporins-1
serve as selective pores for water transport
intergal proteins of rbc
band 3
glycophorns
aquaporin
glut 1
na/k ase pump
ion channel exchangers
glut1
facilitaed diffusion of glucose into the cytosol
na/k atpase pump
active transport na out and k into the cell
rbc peripheral and cytoskeleton proteins
ankyrin
protein 4.1
protein 4.2
spectrin