Hematology

Question 1

Indications with Erythrocytes

Answer 1

• Anemia
• Erythrocytosis

Question 2

Erythrocytosis

Answer 2

Erythrocytosis is a condition in which your body makes too many red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes

Question 3

Indications with Leukocytes

Answer 3

• Inflammatory Conditions
• Neoplastic Conditions
• Chemotherapy

Question 4

Indications with platelets

Answer 4

• Bleeding disorders
• DIC -Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (secondary effect)

Question 5

Indications with Plasma

Answer 5

• COLOR

Question 6

PCV test

Answer 6

• Packed Cell Volume
• plasma should be straw/clear
• pink if hemolysed
• PCV is the percentage of red blood cells in circulating blood
• A decreased PCV- generally means red blood cell loss from any variety of reasons like cell destruction, blood loss, and failure of bone marrow production - ANEMIA
• An increased PCV- generally means dehydration or an abnormal increase in red blood cell production

Question 7

What is the Normal PCV range in a dog?

Answer 7

• 37-55%
• (Greyhounds 48-66%)

Question 8

What is the normal PCV range in a cat?

Answer 8

26-45%

Question 9

What is the normal PCV range in the horse?

Answer 9

30-38%

Question 10

What does low PCV indicate?

Answer 10

• anemia
• haemodilution -cell destruction, BM problems, blood loss

Question 11

What would Red Plasma Indicate?

Answer 11

Haemolysis (ruptured RBC’s)

Question 12

What would yellow plasma on PCV indicate?

Answer 12

Jaundice/icterus

Question 13

CBC

Answer 13

Complete Blood Count

• RBC concentration (cells/L of fluid)
• HGB (total Hb)
• HCT and spun PCV (proportion of blood taken up by cells)
• MCV (mean cell volume)- how big is the average RBC
• MHC (mean cell Hb) - how much Hb content in blood
• MCHC- (mean cell Hb Concentration)- Relative amount, bigger RBC will need a larger amount of Hb to have same concentration as a smaller RBC
• RDW (red cell distribution width)

Question 14

Classification of Anemia

Answer 14

Question 15

MCV

Answer 15

• Mean Cell Volume
• The average volume of a single red cell
• No the diameter, THE VOLUME
• Normocytic, Macrocytic, Microcytic

Question 16

Normocytic Anemia

Answer 16

Question 17

Microcytic Anemia

Answer 17

Question 18

Macrocytic Anemia

Answer 18

Question 19

Normochromic

Answer 19

• Normochromic is a form of anemia in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range.
• However, there are insufficient numbers of red blood cells.
• This includes: aplastic, posthemorrhagic, and hemolytic anemias and anemia of chronic disease

Question 20

Classification of Anaemia

Answer 20

Question 21

Hypochromic

Answer 21

• Hypochromic anaemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal.
• (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means color.)
• A normal red blood cell will have an area of pallor in the center of it; it is biconcave disk shaped

Question 22

Regenerative Anemia

Answer 22

• If the bone marrow is responding to an anemia, then the anemia is classified as regenerative
• Only 2 reasons for Regenerative:

1. ​Hemolysis
2. Hemorrhage

• Only two things that you need to look for when you have identified that it is regenerative

Question 23

Non- Regnerative

Answer 23

Question 24

Reticulocytes

Answer 24

• How you tell Regenerative from Non- Regenerative
• Same cells as POLYCHROMATOPHILS (just a different stain)
• THe acid in them makes them stain blue/purple
• New Methylene Blue is a very particular stain for Reticulocytes
• Count Reticulocytes and get a percentage (machine produced)

Question 25

Polychromatophils

Answer 25

* good indicators of regeneration * these cells fully mature in about 24 hours * there will be a gradient depending on when they have been released (more purple vs. more pink)

Question 26

Reticulocytes in Cats

Answer 26

Question 27

Calculating Regenerative vs. Non Regenerative Anemia

Answer 27

* Almost always deal with anemia in cats and dogs

Question 28

Howell- Jolly Bodies

Answer 28

* cytopathological finding of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes. * During maturation in the bone marrow, late erythroblasts normally expel their nuclei; but, in some cases, a small portion of DNA remains

Question 29

Signs of Regeneration that we look for in a Smear

Answer 29

* **Polychromasia** - purple looking cells with various colors ( means "many color") * **Anisocytosis** - regenerative sizes, variation in cell sizes. regenerative will have range of sizes * **Macrocytosis -** large RBC's * **nRBCs -**nuclear red blood cells * **Howell- Jolly Bodies** (remnants of small nucleus) * **codocytosis -** appearance of a shooting target with a bullseye. Young cells have excess membranes so when you slap them on there they look like sombreros from the top * **basophilic stippling** - blue dots in normal stained RBC's Looking to see_: is it more regerative or less regenerative than yesterday?_

Question 30

Answer 30

* **Lack of Regeneration** * Space b/w RBC's (missing RBC's), not much regeneration showing * Uniform, Generally showing no polychromasia

Question 31

RBC Morphology

Answer 31

Question 32

Acanthocytes

Answer 32

* refer generally to the presence of this type of **crenated red blood cell**, such as may be found in **severe cirrhosis or pancreatitis**, but can refer specifically to **abetalipoproteinemia**, a clinical condition withacanthocytic red blood cells, neurologic problems and steatorrhea.

Question 33

Components of a CBC

Answer 33

Question 34

Leukocytes on Smear

Answer 34

Question 35

Sampling Blood for Neutrophils

Answer 35

- neutrophils need to adhere to vessel wall and squeeze into tissue--\> use blood to traffic to the site where cytokines are being produced --\> **KINETICS of NEUTROPHILS** - when you take a sample--\> only sampling **circulating neutrophils**. High BP will sweep up neutrophils from sides and increase the circulating amount