Hematology Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Hematology
A
Blood related
2
Q
CBC includes what?
A
RBC, WBC, Plt, Hbg, HCT, MCV
3
Q
What cells have no nucleus?
A
RBC and platelets
4
Q
Erythrocyte is also known as what?
A
RBC
5
Q
Leukocyte is also known as what?
A
WBC
6
Q
Thrombocyte is also known as what?
A
Platelet
7
Q
What is is the “name” of percentage of cells in blood volume?
A
HCT
8
Q
What is the average HCT for Males?
A
50%
9
Q
What is the average HCT for Females?
A
45%
10
Q
What are the formed elements?
A
RBC, WBC, Platelets
11
Q
Whole blood minus formed elements is called what?
A
Plasma
12
Q
Whole blood minus plasma is called what?
A
Formed Element
13
Q
What is the most abundant protein in RBC?
A
Hemoglobin
14
Q
Hemoglobin contains what two things?
A
Hem: contains iron
Globin: Protein
15
Q
Normal Hbg for females?
A
12-14
16
Q
Normal Hbg for males?
A
14-16
17
Q
Is a reticulocyte a stem cell?
A
No, it’ s an immature RBC
18
Q
Reticulocyte count less than 1% indicates?
A
Inadequate marrow production
19
Q
Reticulocyte more than 4% indicates what?
A
Red Blood cells are being destroyed or blood loss
20
Q
One example of RBC indicates?
A
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
21
Q
How do you use MCV?
A
For classifying ANEMIAS
22
Q
What is a normal MCV range?
A
80-96
23
Q
Normal Normocytic range?
A
80-96
24
Q
Normal Microcytic Range?
A
LESS than 80
25
Normal Macrocyctic Range?
MORE than 96
26
Match:
A) Normocytic
B) Microcytic
C) Macrcytit
D) B12/B9 Deficiency
E) Bleeding
F) Iron Deficient Anemia
A) Normocytic = E) Bleeding
B) Microcytic = F) Iron Deficient Anemia
C) Macrcytit = D) B12/B9 Deficiency
27
True or False:
| Anemia can be due to underproduction or increased destruction?
True
28
In diagnosing anemia acupuncturists look at tongue but western doctors look at what?
Conjunctiva
29
What does a blood smear look for?
NUMBER and SHAPE
| of blood cells (RBC, WBC, PLts)
30
Which is the most common type of Microcytic Anemia?
iron deficiency anemia
31
Next step for iron deficiency in men or post menopausal women?
GI work up.
| Check for colorectal cancer
32
Pica, spoon shaped nail indicates what condition?
Iron Deficient Anemia
33
What condition is indicated by these lab results? Low MCV, low serum, low ferritin, high iron binding capacity (FeTIBC)
Iron Deficient Anemia
34
Tx of iron def anemia?
Iron supplements
35
How to confirm dx of Iron Def Anemia?
Check Reticulocyte count in two weeks, it must be improved.
36
What type of anemia is indicated with high MCV and Macrocytic anemia?
1. Iron Deficient Anemia
2. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
37
What does ferritin indicate?
Iron Storage
38
What does pernicious mean?
Harmful
39
Causes of B12 deficiency?
- Pernicious Anemia
- Crohns (can't absorb B12)
- Vegetarian (inadequate diet)
40
What is Pernicious Anemia?
loss of stomach cells that make intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor helps the body absorb vitamin B12 in the intestine. The loss of parietal cells may be due to destruction by the body's own immune system.not enough B12 to make RBCs
41
What part of body makes intrinsic factor?
Stomach
42
Sx of B12 deficiency?
Neurological (tingling, ataxia, dementia, etc..)
43
What is the name of the test to check the body's ability to absorb B12?
Schillings
44
What sample is collected in Schillings test?
Urine
45
Another name for Cobalamin?
B12
46
Another name for Folic Acid?
B9
47
Macrocytic anemia is a deficiency of what??
B12 or Folic Acid B9 or Vitamin C
48
B12 versus B9 symptoms?
B9 does not have neurological sx
49
Causes of folic acid deficiency?
- decreased intake due to alcoholism or diet
- Increased demand d/t pregnancy
- Impaired absorption (celiac, IBD)
- Medications (Phenytoin)
50
Hemolytic anemia is due to:
- inadequate marrow production
- destruction of RBC
- destruction of RBC
51
Hemolytic anemia..
- increase in reticulocyte?
- decrease in reticulocyte?
Increase
52
Do we see jaundice in Hemolytic anemia?
Yes d/t heme catabolism and enhanced formation of bilirubin
53
Test to show that you have antibodies that act against your RBCs.
What a positive direct COOMB test indicates
54
1. Sickle cell anemia
2. Thalassemia
3. (G6PD) deficiency
3 forms of genetic anemia?
55
These are all forms of what kind of anemia?
1. Hemoglobinopathy
2. Hgb S
3. Normocytic anemia
4. Normocytic anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
| also - Sickle-shaped RBCs clog capillaries
56
What do you do an electrophoresis for?
To diagnose sickle cell anemia
57
What is hemolysis?
Destruction of red blood cells
58
What does (G6PD) do?
An enzyme that helps red blood cells work.
59
True or False: in G6PD deficiency there is an increased reticulocyte count?
True: Too little G6PD leads to the destruction of RBCs, so there is an increase in RBC.
60
What form of anemia?
- Abnormal high Hgb
- Premature destruction of RBC
- High reticulocyte count
Thalassemia
61
Hgb is and does what?
Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen
62
What fails in:
- Aplastic Anemia
- Secondary invasion of marrow
Bone Marrow
63
Aplastic Anemia?
Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells.
64
Pancytopenia is a forma of what anemia?
APLASTIC
65
What happens with blood cells in Pancytopenia?
1. increase
2. decrease
2. decrease due to bone marrow suppression
66
Cause of APLASTIC anemia?
1. Chemotherapy
2. Some medication
3. Some chemicals (benzene...)
67
Polycythemia?
1. increased RBC
2. Decreased RBC
Increased -
| Polycythemia vera is due to abnormally increased red cell production in the bone marrow.
68
What does Hct measure?
Hematocrit (Hct) measures how much of your blood is red blood cells. A low score on this range scale may be a sign that you have too little iron.
69
What are Hct levels for men?
>55
70
What are Hct levels for women?
>50 when not due to hydration
71
Polycythemia?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Both
Both
72
Polycythemia can cause a risk of what?
clot formation
73
Polycythemia is a cancer of what?
Cancer of RBC
74
Polycythemia tx?
- low dose aspirin
- myelosuppressive drugs (bone marrow sup)
- phlebotomy
75
Can secondary Polycythemia happen in renal cell cancer?
Yes. due to increased EPO, Erythropoietin (a glycoprotein cytokine that stimulates red blood cell production) in kidney
76
What disease can be caused by:
Sleep apnea, obesity, hypoventilation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heavy cigarette smoking.
1. Primary Polycythemia
2. Secondary Polycythemia
2. Secondary Polycythemia
Primary is spontaneous RBC production
77
What is the TX of Secondary Polycythemia?
TX underlying cause
78
What WBC are granular?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
79
What WBC are Agranular?
Lymphocyte
| Monocyte
80
Higher percentage of:
- neutrophils
- basophils
- lymphocytes
- neutrophils
81
Which WBC are less?
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
- Basophils
82
True or False: Basophils release histamine?
True
83
True or False: Neutrophils are the predominant WBC that attacks bacteria?
True
84
True or False: Eosinophils kill parasites
True
85
True or False: Monocytes ingest dead cells
True
86
What are the three types of Lymphocytes?
B/T/NK
87
What do B-Lymphocytes do?
Secrete antibodies
88
What do T-Lymphocytes do?
Immune response
89
What do NK-Lymphocytes do?
Destroy virus and cancer cells
90
Leukopenia is what?
Decreased Leukocyte:
A clinical condition in which the bone marrow produces very few white blood cells, leaving the body unprotected. Can be due to underproduction or excess destruction of cells.
91
Neutropenia is what?
Decreased Neutrophil:
| Due to drugs, infections, blood disorder
92
Increased WBC count - white blood cell count above 10,000 is what disease?
Leukocytosis
93
Mononucleosis is:
- Leukopenia (decrease WBC)
- Leukocytosis (increase WBC)
- Neutropenia (a kind of Leukopenia)
Leukocytosis
• caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
• lymphocytes are mono nuclear (WBC)
94
Difference?
1. Leukopenia
2. Leukemia
3. Leukocytosis
1. Leukopenia - reduction in WBC
2. Leukocytosis WBC increase 11,000 to the range of 16,000-20,000/mm3
3. Leukemia: Massive leukocytosis (100,000-250,000/mm3) suggests (CANCER)
95
What can Leukopenia cause?
Infection
96
Mononucleosis sx in:
- Adults
- Children
Adults: fever sore throat
Children: asymptomatic (more common)
97
What is the test for Mononucleosis?
Mono-spot / heterophil
98
True or False:
| Leukocytosis can be primary and secondary?
True
99
Primary leukocytosis vs.
Primary polycythemia vs
Thrombocytosis
Primary leukocytosis : Leukemia
Primary polycythemia: Cancer of RBC
Thrombocytosis: Cancer of Platelets
100
Leukemia vs Lymphoma
Cancer in bone and marrow
| Cancer of Lymphatic System
101
"reactive response to infections, chronic inflammation, stress, cancer, some drugs"
A) primary leukocytosis
B) secondary leukocytosis.
B) secondary leukocytosis
102
How many types of Leukemia?
Two:
1. Myelogenous (Myeloid stem cell)
2. Lymphocytic (Lymphoid stem cell)
103
Primary Leukocytosis versus Secondary Leukocytosis?
Primary Leukocytosis: Leukemia (cancer of WBC)
Secondary Leukocytosis: Increase WBC due to stress drugs etc...
104
Acute or Chronic Leukemia?
| ALL & AML
Acute Leukemia
105
Acute or Chronic Leukemia?
| CLL & CML
Chronic
106
Most common type of leukemia?
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
107
Age of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia?
20-40
108
Patients that had chemotherapy are at risk for acute or chronic Myelocytic Leukemia?
Acute
109
Disease with MASSIVE number of Neutrophils?
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
110
Chronic or Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia:
- immature lymphocytes
- most frequent form of leukemia in children
- most common cancer in children
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
111
Chronic or Acute Myelocytic Leukemia:
- not as common as other
- 40-60 years old
- More in PTs that had radiation
- Asymptomatic
Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia:
112
Chronic or Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia:
- Most common adult leukemia
- More in elderly
- Sx: fever, pain in upper left portion of ab d/t spleen, night sweats, weight loss, , fx infections
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia:
| most common chronic leukemia
113
Part of what system:
- tonsils
- thymus
- spleen
- bone marrow
Lymphatic System
114
What WBC matures in Thymus?
T-Cells
115
What WBC matures Bone Marrow?
B-Cells
116
How many types of lymphoma?
Two:
| - Hodgkin and Non-Hodkins
117
Reed-Sternberg cells can be found in what kind of cancer?
Hodgkin Lymphoma
118
Hodgkin Lymphoma versus Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Hodgkin Lymphoma: B-cells
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: B- OR T-Cells
119
Pain or painless in lymphoma?
Painless. You need to rule out cancer
| Painful. rule out infection
120
What are fragment of cytoplasm?
Platelets
121
Platelets are derived from what?
Bone marrow...specifically megakarocytes
122
True or False:
| Platelet is bigger than both RBC and WBC
False
123
True or False:
| Normal platelet count 1500 - 4500
False: 150,000 to 450,000
124
Thrombocytosis is determined by what?
Platelet count OVER 450,000
125
Thrombocytopenia is determined by what?
Platelet count LESS than 150,000
126
True or False:
| Excess bleeding or blood clot in thrombocythemia?
Can be both
127
Dx of thrombocythemia?
Increased platelets in CBC (2x-4x more)
128
What is hemophilia?
Inability to make blood clots
129
True or False:
| Hemophilia is genetic?
True
130
Hemophilia A versus Hemophilia B?
Hemophilia A: not enough clotting factor VIII (80% of cases)
| Hemophilia B: not enough clotting factor IX
131
measuring factor VIII and IX for what disease
Hemophilia
132
tx of Hemophilia?
transfusion of missing clot factors
133
Medications (Phenytoin, Methotrexate) could cause what kind of deficiency and anemia?
Folic Acid deficiency and Microcytic Anemia
