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Zoology 463 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of total body weight is water?

A

57%

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2
Q

Does obesity increase or decrease the percentage of water in the blood?

A

It decreases it

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3
Q

How much water is taken in on average per day?

A

2.3L under normal conditions

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4
Q

What are sources for fluid intake?

A

The fluids that are ingested and the fluids from metabolism

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5
Q

Where can we lose fluid?

A

Insensible skin and lungs, sweat, feces, and urine

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6
Q

What are the two main fluid compartments?

A
  1. Intracellular
    - ~28 L, all the water inside the cell
  2. Extracellular
    - Interstitial fluid - in between cells ~ 11L
    - Plasma - cell free component ~ 3L
    - Small compartments - small volume, important
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7
Q

Why is water used to measure relative permeability?

A

Water moves in and out of capillaries with no binderance

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8
Q

What is the relationship between molecular weight and permeability?

A

They are inversely related

When MW is increased, permeability decreases

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9
Q

What are the 3 major types of proteins in plasma?

A
  1. Albumin
    - Most abundant, provide colloid osmotic pressure, nonspecific carrier protein.
  2. Globulin
    - specific carrier for proteins and enzymes
  3. Fibrinogen
    - key in blood clotting, small concentration. Polymerizes into long fibrin strands
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10
Q

What is colloid pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure caused by protein presence. It increases when [protein] increases

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11
Q

What is outward pressure equal to?

A

Capillary pressure (Pc) + interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (Pi if). Capillary pressure is determined by blood pressure

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12
Q

What is inward pressure equal to?

A

Interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) + plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Pi p)

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13
Q

What is edema caused by?

A

The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment that leads to swelling. Can result from changes in osmotic pressure

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  2. Platelets (megakaryocytes)
  3. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
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15
Q

Where are the 3 blood cell types derived from?

A
  1. Erythrocytes - Myeloid stem cells
  2. Platelets - Myeloid stem cells
  3. Leukocytes - Myeloid and lymphoid
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16
Q

How are erythrocytes produced?

A
  1. In the bone marrow and mitotic - Proerythroblast -> basophil erythroblast -> polychromatophil erythroblast
  2. In the bone marrow and not mitotic - orthochromatic erythroblast
  3. In the circulation - reticulocyte (no nucleus) -> erythrocyte (loss of organelles)
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17
Q

What are committed cells to become erythrocytes called?

A

colony-forming unit erythrocyte (CFU-E)

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18
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A
  1. transport of oxygen (1 HB carries 4 O2 molecules)

2. Acid-base buffer

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19
Q

Where is hemoglobin synthesized?

A

Erythroblasts

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20
Q

How are hemoglobin molecules synthesized?

Study These Flashcards
A

Succinyl-CoA -> Pyrrole. 4 Pyrrole -> protoporphyrin + Fe2+ -> Heme + globin -> hemoglobin subunit. 1 HB has 4 subunits

21
Q

What kind of globin peptides can be used to make a hemoglobin? What is most commonly used?

Study These Flashcards
A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta. Most common is 2 Alpha and 2 Beta.

22
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

A point mutation changing a T to an A. This changes the Glu amino acid into a Val which disrupts the shape of hemoglobin.

23
Q

What happens if there is a vitamin B12 or B9 (folic acid) deficiency?

Study These Flashcards
A

This reduces DNA synthesis and the failure of nuclear maturation. This impairs the rapid formation of RBC’s.

24
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

There are large amounts of fluid in the RBC’s,This disrupts its ability to absorb B12, cells cannot progress from the G2 phase to mitosis.

25
How does transferrin issues result in anemia?
Transferrin helps with the process of iron absorption in the mitochondria of erythroblasts, the mitochondria helps with development of the heme. If iron is not absorbed then a heme cannot be formed.
26
Where are RBC's destroyed?
In the spleen by macrophages that rupture the cell membrane.
27
What do cytokines do?
They control the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells to be blood cells
28
What to differentiation factors create from stem cells?
They make the specific cells, this step is irreversible
29
What 2 things increase the production of haemopoietic stem cells?
Interleukins and stem cell factor
30
What are committed progenitor cells?
They are destined to be a certain group of blood cells, still reversible
31
What is erythropoietin?
A differentiation factor that stimulates the differentiation to erythrocytes
32
What is thromopoietin?
A differentiation factor that stimulates the differentiation to megakaryocytes
33
What are platelets formed from?
They are made from pieces that break off of megakaryocytes, which are made from myeloid stem cells
34
How big are platelets in diameter?
2-4 micrometers
35
How is haemostasis achieved? (4)
1. Vascular spasm and constriction 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation 4. Growth of tissue to repair the injury
36
What happens after platelets are activated?
ADP is produced from the platelet, then phospholipid is converted to arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) converts arachidonic acid into thromboxane A2 which activates other platelet cells
37
What inhibits the production of thromboxane A2?
Aspirin/Endomethacin
38
What happens when a platelet makes contact with collagen?
1. Membrane receptors are activated 2. Thromboxane A2 and ADP are produced 3. ADP induces swelling and the production of protruding processes that bind to other platelets 4. Thromboxane A2 activates surrounding platelet cells, results in aggregation of platelet cells and the formation of a platelet plug 5. Activated platelets produce fibrin-stabilizing factor which is necessary for formation of the fibrin meshwork and clotting.
39
How quickly does a blood clot begin to form?
~20 seconds, and it is done in 1-2 minutes
40
What is the function of factor III?
It is tissue thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic pathway, it is released from the tissue following trauma
41
What is the function of factor XII?
It is the Hagemen factor, it initiates the intrinsic pathway following blood trauma
42
What order does the intrinsic pathway occur in?
When blood makes contact with collagen or another substance that is wettable, factor XII is activated. This begins an activation pathway of factor XI, IX, then X. To activate factor IX Ca2+ is required. Activation of factor X begins the common pathways of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
43
What happens in the extrinsic pathway?
Tissue thromboplastin activates factor VII, then with Ca2+ factor X is activated and the common pathway is initiated.
44
What occurs in the common pathway?
Factor X is activated from extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathway. Active factor X converts prothrombin into thrombin with Ca2+, platelet factor 3, and factor V. Thrombin converts fibrinogen (factor I) into fibrin, and it also activates factor XIII which stabilizes the fibrin meshwork to finalize the clot.
45
The loss of which factor would result in hemophilia?
factor VIII
46
What are three anticoagulants? How do they prevent coagulation?
1. Glycocalyx - adsorbed to inner surface of endothelium, repels platelets and clotting factors 2. Thrombomodulin - membrane protein that binds to thrombin and prevents coagulation away from injury site 3. Heparin - Activates other factors to remove thrombin
47
What is the function of plasmin?
Dissolution of the clot. this process is slow and it is activated by factor XII at the same time as factor XI
48
What is a synonym for plasmin?
Fibrinolysin

Zoology 463 (2 decks)

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