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MEDICAL NURSING FOR VETERINARY TECHNICIANS > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Hematopoiesis

A

Refers to the production of blood cells and platelets

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2
Q

Platelets are also called what?

A

Thrombocytes

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3
Q

What is the fluid component of blood?

A

Plasma

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4
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

How are leukocytes (WBC) differentiated?

A

Based on the presence or absence of granules that stain in specific ways

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6
Q

What cells may contain granules in very small numbers?

A

Agranulocytes- lymphocytes and monocytes, also known as mononuclear leukocytes

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7
Q

Name the three granulocytes (AKA polymorphonuclear leukocytes-(refers to segmentation or lobulation of nucleus))

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes only applies to which species?

A

Mammals, Nuclear segmentation is less prominent in birds and reptiles

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9
Q

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

A

90%

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10
Q

What is the primary site for RBC production in adult mammals?

A

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

Define erythropoiesis

A

production of erythrocytes

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12
Q

Define leukopoiesis

A

production of leukocytes

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13
Q

Define thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets

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14
Q

All blood cells arise from what

A

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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15
Q

What does a “left shift” refer to?

A

Increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood

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16
Q

Define leukemoid response

A

Condition that can be mistaken for leukemia. Usually the result of an inflammatory disease. Characterized by marked leukocytosis >50,000/mL

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17
Q

Why shouldn’t Heparin be used if blood sample is drawn for differential blood film analysis?

A

It interferes with the staining of WBC

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18
Q

Describe how to calculate MCV

A

PCV divided by RBC concentration and then multiply by 10. Expressed as femtoliter (fL)

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19
Q

Describe how to calculate MCH

A

Hemoglobin divided by RBC concentration and then multiply by 10. Expressed as picograms (pg)

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20
Q

Describe how to calculate MCHC

A

Hemoglobin (hb) divided by PCV and then multiply by 100. Expresses as g/dL

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21
Q

Define Döhle bodies

A

coarse cytoplasmic inclusions representing ribosomal material; single or multiple light blue or gray areas in cytoplasm of neutrophils; common in felines; might be seen with chronic bacterial infection and some viral diseases

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22
Q

Define Hypersegmentation

A

neutrophil nucleus with more than six lobes; associated with a variety of conditions, such as
chronic infection, pernicious anemia, and steroid use

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23
Q

Define Karyorrhexis/karyolysis/pyknosis

A

condensed, lysed, or damaged nucleus; when seen in white blood cells in the peripheral circulation, caused by use of inappropriate anticoagulants (i.e., an artifact)

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24
Q

Define Vacuolization

A

one of several toxic changes seen in both
lymphocytes and neutrophils; associated with septicemia; also produced as an artifact if sample held for extended time in anticoagulant

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25
Define Toxic granulation
appearance of numerous large granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils that range in color from purplish blue to red; seen in most infectious diseases
26
Define Juvenile forms of WBC
immature white blood cells seen in a variety of conditions resulting from increased bone marrow activity; in most species, small numbers of band neutrophils can normally be seen in the peripheral circulation; appearance of increased numbers of band cells and/or more immature forms of any of the leukocytes is referred to as a left shift.
27
Describe Reactive lymphocytes
cells with dark blue cytoplasm and darker nucleus; seen in chronic infection
28
Describe Atypical lymphocytes
represent a variety of changes within lymphocytes, including eosinophilic cytoplasm and changes in nuclear texture
29
Describe Basket cells
common term used to describe degenerative white blood cells that have ruptured; also referred to as smudge cells; can be an artifact if blood is held too long before making the smear; also associated with leukemia
30
Define anisocytosis
variation in red blood cell size seen in splenic or liver disorders; sign of regeneration of anemia
31
Define macrocytosis
larger-than-normal immature red blood cells that appear as reticulocytes when new methylene blue stain is used
32
Define microcytosis
smaller-than-normal red blood cells often seen in iron-deficient patients
33
Define normocytes in reference to RBC
biconcave disks in canine, round cells in felines
34
Define poikilocytes
a generic term for any abnormally shaped cell; specific abnormality should be further characterized, as appropriate
35
Define schistocytes (AKA schizocytes)
fragmented red blood cells caused by vascular trauma; seen in disseminated intravascular coagulation and neoplasia
36
Define acanthocytes
long, irregular projections from red blood cell surface
37
Define echinocytes
scalloped border (regular projections) from red blood cell surface
38
Define spherocytes
small, dense red blood cells with no area of central pallor
39
Define stomatocytes
red blood cells with a slitlike center opening; seen in regeneration of anemia
40
Define leptocytes
red blood cells with an increase in membrane surface relative to cell volume, also called target cells or codocytes
41
Define polychromasia
cells that exhibit a bluish tint
42
Define hypochromasia
cells with an increase in the area of central pallor
43
Describe Heinz bodies
round structures within the red blood cell that represent denatured hemoglobin, sometimes small numbers are seen in cats. Heinz body can be caused by onion toxicity or acetaminophen toxicity
44
Describe basophilic stippling
bluish granular bodies on the surface of the red blood cells, this abnormality is seen in ruminants with regenerative anemia
45
When are nucleated red blood cells seen
regenerative anemias, lead poisoning, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and bone marrow disease
46
Describe Howell-Jolly bodies
basophilic nuclear remnants in the red blood cell, commonly found in fats with feline regenerative anemias
47
When are nucleated red blood cells seen
regenerative anemias, lead poisoning, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and bone marrow disease
48
Describe Pelger-Huët anomaly
It is a congenital hereditary defect that is characterized by the hypo segmentation of all granulocyte nuclei. Nuclear chromatin appears condensed but unsegmented and the cytoplasm of affected cells appears normal. Eosinophils and basil fills may also be affected.
49
Describe karyolysis
a degenerative change to the nucleus that is characterized by dissolution of nuclear membrane- usually affects neutrophils, assoc. with presence of septic exudates
50
Describe karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus after cell death | cell death = apoptosis
51
Describe pyknosis
refers to condensing of nucleus as cell dies
52
What does an increased number of circulation reticulocytes indicate?
Regenerative anemia
53
Examples of Romanowsky stains
Diff-Quik, DipStat, Wright’s stain
54
Define hemostasis
Refers to the ability of the body’s systems to maintain the integrity of the blood and blood vessels
55
What is blood coagulation factor I?
Fibrinogen
56
What is blood coagulation factor II?
Prothrombin
57
What is blood coagulation factor III?
Tissue factor
58
What is blood coagulation factor IV?
Calcium
59
What is blood coagulation factor V?
Proaccelerin
60
What is blood coagulation factor VI?
There is none
61
What is blood coagulation factor VII?
Proconvertin
62
What is blood coagulation factor VIII?
Antihemophilic factor
63
What is blood coagulation factor IX?
Christmas factor, plasma thromboplastin
64
What is blood coagulation factor X?
Stuart factor
65
What is blood coagulation factor XI?
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
66
What is blood coagulation factor XII?
Hageman factor
67
What is blood coagulation factor XIII?
Fibrin-stabilizing factor, prekallikrein
68
Define cholestasis
Bile duct obstruction
69
What does ACTH stand for
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

MEDICAL NURSING FOR VETERINARY TECHNICIANS (6 decks)

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