Hematology Equations and Terms Flashcards
(28 cards)
Spherocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Dense spherical RBCs. Seen most commonly with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
Schistocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Irregular RBC (torn) fragments. Seen with DIC, specialized types of hemolytic anemias, vascular neoplasia (HSA), glomerulonephritis, or myelofibrosis.
Echinocytes are also called?
Crenated cells or Burr cells.
Echinocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Several, small evenly spaced projections. Seen as artifact of slide or with uremia or electrolyte imbalances.
Acanthocytes are also called?
Spur cells.
Acanthocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Large, unevenly spaced projections. Seen with hemangiosarcoma or liver disease.
Keratocytes are also called?
Blister cells or helmet cells.
Keratocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Large fluid filled accumulations in RBCs, or this can “pop” leaving a U shaped RBC. Seen with DIC, specialized hemolytic anemias, or portosystemic shunts.
Codocytes are also called?
Target cells.
Codocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Look like a witch hat from the side or a target from the top. Seen with liver disease or during regenerative anemia.
Dacrocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Tear shaped cells. Seen with myelofibrosis, and myeloproliferative diseases (like pure red cell aplasia).
Stomatocytes are seen when? And what do they look like?
Have a large clear opening near the center of the cell (looks irregular in comparison to normal central pallor). Can be artifactual, but seen in with some congenital diseases or with chronic anemia.
How do you tell acute from chronic bleeding?
Acute: More severe signs, with large changes or repeat bloodworks.
Chronic: Less severe signs, with small or non-existent changes on repeat bloodworks.
What are some common causes of chronic blood loss?
Trauma, hookworms, intraerythrocytic parasites, rodenticides or other problems with hemostasis, ulcers, neoplasms.
What are the common signs of extravascular coagulation?
Icterus (bilirubinemia) and bilirubinuria.
What are the common signs of intravascular coagulation?
Icterus (bilirubemia), bilirubinuria, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobinemia.
What are the categories of causes of hemolysis?
Immune mediated, toxic, RBC parasites, Mechanical, Congenital, Oxidant Injury (see Heinz bodies, often also toxic), and Hypophosphatemia.
What are the four common laboratory categories of non regenerative anemia?
Normocytic, normochromic with normal or increased platelets/neutrophils
Normocytic, normochromic with decreased platelets/neutrophils
Microcytic, normo/hypochromic with variable platelets/neutrophils
Macrocytic, normochromic with variable platelets/neutrophils
What are the diff dx for normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anemia with normal or increased neutrophils and platelets?
- Lack of EPO (kidney disease)
- If anemia is mild, anemia of inflammation
- Endocrine pathology
- FeLV
- Immune mediated disease (pure red cell aplasia)
- Neoplasia
What are the diff dx for normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anemia with decreased neutrophils and platelets?
This is also called pancytopenia (which endotoxemia can mimic)
- Aplastic anemia (persistent infections, drugs, toxins, irradiation, or idiopathic)
- Myelophthisic effect (bone marrow replaced by cancer cells or fibrosis after neoplastic cell damage)
What are the diff dx for microcytic, hypo or normochromic non-regenerative anemia with variable neutrophils and platelets?
- Iron deficiency
- Anemia of chronic inflammation
- Portosystemic shuns
- B6 deficiency or copper deficiency
What are the diff dx for microcytic, normochromic anemia with variable neutrophils and platelets?
- B12 or folic acid deficiency
- FeLV
- Congenital dyserythropoiesis in Hereford cattle
- Erythroid neoplasia
- Chronically hyperosmotic blood
Physiologic leukogram
Increased segs and lymphs, other values normal.
Corticosteroid leukogram
Normal or increased bands, increased segs and monos, decreased lymphs and eos, normal basos.
