Hematology general

Question 1

There are two types of WBC

Answer 1

Granulocytes and lymphocytes

Question 2

What is the percentage of blood of the total body weight of adults ?

Answer 2

∼ 7% of the total body weight of adults

Question 3

Blood composition

Answer 3

Plasma: ∼ 55%
Blood cells: ∼ 45%

Question 4

what is the percentage of plasma in blood ?

Answer 4

∼ 55%

Question 5

what is the percentage of blood cells in blood ?

Answer 5

∼ 45%

Question 6

what is the liquid constituent of blood ?

Answer 6

Plasma

Question 7

What is the compostion of plasma ?

Answer 7

water, plasma proteins (including coagulation factors), electrolytes, hormones, and other bioactive substances

Question 8

What is the main function of the bone marrow ?

Answer 8

Hematopoiesis

• Filters aging RBCs
• Houses immune cells (e.g., plasma cells)

Question 9

How many types of bone marrow we have ?

Answer 9

Two, Red marrow and Yellow marrow

Question 10

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into either __________________________

Answer 10

Myeloid or lymphoid precursor cells

Question 11

Myeloid precursor cells develop into ?

Answer 11

Erythrocytes, Granulocytes, or Megakaryocytes.

Question 12

What is the percentage of Granulocytes among the WBCs ?

Answer 12

40-60%

Question 13

What are the differntiated cells of Granulocytes ?

Answer 13

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

BEN

Of which neutrophils are the most common.

Question 14

Which hematopoietic cell produces plateletes ?

Answer 14

Megakaryocytes

Question 15

Lymphoid precursor cells develop into ?

Answer 15

Lymphocytes or Natural killer cells

Question 16

Marker of hematopoietic cells ?

Answer 16

CD34

Question 17

What is the reference range of RBC count in men ?

Answer 17

♂ : 4.3–5.9 million/mm3

Question 18

What is the reference range of RBC count in women ?

Answer 18

♀ : 3.5–5.5 million/mm3

Question 19

RR Hemoglobin (Hb) in women ?

Answer 19

12–16 g/dL

Question 20

RR Hemoglobin (Hb) in men ?

Answer 20

13.5–17.5 g/dL

Question 21

What is a common cause for the elevation in RR of RBC count and Hb ?

Answer 21

Polycythemia vera

Question 22

What is the “Hematocrit” ?

Answer 22

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

Question 23

Porphyria leads to

Answer 23

Impaired Heme synthesis

Question 24

RR of Hematocrit in Men ?

Answer 24

♂: 41%–53%

Question 25

RR of Hematocrit in Women ?

Answer 25

♀: **36%–46%**

Question 26

RR of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 26

**80–100** μm3

Question 27

What are common reasons for reduction of MCV ?

Answer 27

Microcytic anemia | e.g., due to: Iron deficiency Thalassemia

Question 28

Common cause for elevation of MCV ?

Answer 28

- Megaloblastic anemia - Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia ## Footnote **Megaloblastic anemia**, e.g., caused by: Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency **Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia**, e.g, caused by: Liver disease Alcohol use Hypothyroidism

Question 29

Which blood type is the "Universal acceptor" blood type?

Answer 29

**AB**

Question 30

Which blood type is the "Universal donor"?

Answer 30

**O**

Question 31

What is an antigen?

Answer 31

Molecule capable of inducing immune response

Question 32

What should we administer for a **Rh-negative pregnant woman**?

Answer 32

**anti-D immunoglobulin** prophylaxis is administered

Question 33

How much can we decrease the Rh-incompatability after routine anti-D prophylaxis?

Answer 33

Can decrease the risk of maternal alloimmunization from approx. **15% to 0.1%** ## Footnote in an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive child

Question 34

What is the Hemolytic disease of the newborn (or Erythroblastosis fetalis)?

Answer 34

It is a disease that can affect the fetus of **Rh- mother** and **Rh+ father** if the fetus is ***Rh+***.

Question 35

What do we detect with Direct-coomb's test?

Answer 35

*Antibodies* or *complement* on **surface** of *RBC*

Question 36

What do we detect with Indirect-coombs test?

Answer 36

Detects antibodies in the **serum**

Question 37

Can the indirect coomb's test detect complement in the serum?

Answer 37

No ## Footnote Complement is only activated only on the surface of the cells

Question 38

What is the coomb's reagent?

Answer 38

Antibodies to human globulin (can be antibodies to IgM, IgG, or complement)

Question 39

what are the stages in Direct coomb's test?

Answer 39

Add the patient's RBC's to coomb's reagent

Question 40

What are the stages in indirect coomb's test?

Answer 40

1) Add patient plasma to RBC's with known antigen 2) Add coomb's reagent

Question 41

what is positive test in direct/indirect coombs test?

Answer 41

Agglutination

Question 42

When do we use Indirect coombs test?

Answer 42

Pre transfusion testing prenatal antibody screen