Hematology Glossary - Part 2 Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Agranulocyte
A
A leukocyte without definite cytoplasmic granules.
2
Q
Agranulocytosis
A
Complete or nearly complete absence of the granular leukocytes from the blood and bone marrow.
3
Q
Aleukemic Leukemia
A
A fatal condition of the bloodforming tissues, characterized by marked proliferation of immature cells in the bone marrow, without their presence, in any great numbers, in the blood steam
4
Q
Anemia
A
A condition in which the blood is deficient in quantity or quality of erythrocytes
5
Q
Anisocytosis
A
Variation in size of the erythrocytes
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Q
Anomaly
A
Abnormality
7
Q
Anoxemia
A
Lack of normal proportion of oxygen in the blood
8
Q
Antecubital Space
A
The area on the forearm frontal to the elbow
9
Q
Anticoagulant
A
A substance that prevents the coagulation of blood. Commonly used ones are potassium oxalate, sodium oxalate, sodium citrate, EDTA and heparin
10
Q
Aplasia
A
Incomplete or defective blood development; cessation of blood cell formation
11
Q
Aplastic Anemia
A
Anemia characterized b incomplete or effective blood development
12
Q
Asynchronous
A
Uncoordinated development as in abnormal cell development
13
Q
Azurophilic Granule
A
Rounded, discrete, reddishpurple granule, smaller than the granules of neutrophils; 110 are common in lymphocytes, and they are very numerous, and smaller, in the cytoplasm of monocytes
14
Q
Band Form
A
In the Schilling classification, a neutrophil with the nucleus unsegmented and ribbonlike; also stab, staff, nonfilamented
15
Q
Basket Cell
A
A degenerated primitive cell which has ruptured and in which the cell nucleus appears as a pale staining smear without prescribed form or shape
16
Q
Basopenia
A
An abnormal decrease in the number of basophils
17
Q
Basophil
A
A granular leukocyte, the granules of which have affinities for the basic dye of Wright stain (methylene blue). The granules are large, irregular and blueblack in color
18
Q
Basophilia
A
An abnormal increase in the number of basophils
19
Q
Basophilic
A
Staining readily with basic dyes, for example, blue with Ramanovsky type stains
20
Q
Binary Fission
A
Simple cell division
21
Q
Bleeding Time
A
The time required for a small standardized wound, made in the capillary bed of the finger or ear lobe, to stop bleeding
22
Q
Blood Dyscrasia
A
A disease of the blood or bloodforming organs
23
Q
Buffy Coat
A
The layer of leukocytes that collects immediately above the erythrocytes in sedimented or centrifuged whole blood
24
Q
Cabot’s Rings
A
Lines in the form of loops or figuresofeight seen in erythrocytes in severe anemias
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Centriole
A minute cell organoid within the centrosome
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Centrosome
An area of condensed cytoplasm active in mitosis
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Chemotaxis
The phenomenon of movement of leukocytes caused by a chemical influence
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Chromatin
The more stainable portion of the cell nucleus contains genetic materials
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Clot Retraction
The rate and degree of contraction of the blood clot
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Coagulation Time
The time required for venous blood, in the absence of all tissue factors, to clot in glass tubes under controlled conditions
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Cocatalyst
A substance that works in tandem with another group of chemicals to accelerate a reaction velocity without being used up in the reaction
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Color Index
The ratio between the amount of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells
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Complete Blood Count
A hematology study which consists of a red cell count, white cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and blood smear study including differential white cell count
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Congenital
Born with a person; existing at or before birth
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Cooley's Anemia (Mediterranean Disease or Thalassemia)
A chronic progressive anemia commencing early in life and characterized by many normoblasts in the blood, unusual facies, splenomegaly and familial and racial incidence
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Crenation
The scalloped or notched appearance of the periphery of erythrocytes found when the cells are suspended in a hypertonic solution. Also found in smears, caused by dirty glassware, slow drying, and poor smearing technique
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Cytoplasm
Protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus
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DNA
Deoxyribonucletic acid
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Differential Count
An enumeration of the types of white blood cells seen on a stained blood smear.
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Discrete
Separate
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Dyscrasia
Abnormality
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Ecchymosis
Subcutaneous extravastion of blood covering a large area
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Endothelial Leukocyte
Monocyte
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Eosinopenia
An abnormal decrease in eosinophils
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Eosinophil
A granular leukocyte, the granules of which have an affinity for the acid dye of Wright's stain (eosin). The granules are large, round, uniform in size, redorange in color and are shiny and refractile
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Eosinophilia
A relative or absolute leukocytosis in which the main increase is in eosinophils
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Eosinophilic
Readily stained with eaosin, redorange stain
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Epigastric
Pertaining to the upper middle portion of the abdomen
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Erythremia
A disease marked by persistent polycythemia and increased blood volume also polychythemia vera
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Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
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Erythrocytosis
An increase in the total number of erythrocytes
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Erythrogenic
Producing erythrocytes
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Erythroleukemia
An abnormal condition characterized by proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic cells
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Erythropenia
A decrease in the number of red cells in the blood
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Erythropoiesis
The production of erythrocytes
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Etiology
The theory of the causation of a disease
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Extravascular
Occurring outside the blood vessels
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Extrinsic
Originating outside of the particular area
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Fibril
A microscopic filament often composed of fibrin
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Fibrin
The end product of the clotting mechanism that forms a network of fibers that enmesh the formed elements of blood
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Fibrinogen
The precursor of fibrin that is present normally in the plasma and produced by the liver
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Fragility Test (Osmotic)
A test devised to measure the resistance of the erythrocytes to break down (hemolyze) when subjected to varying concentrations of hypotonic salt solutions
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Fulminating
Sudden and severe
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Golgi Apparatus
A meshwork of lipid containing fibrils within the cytoplasmic portion of a cell
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Granulocyte
A white blood cell that contains specific cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils); these granules are peroxidase positive
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Granulocytosis
The presence of increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood
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Granulocytopenia (Granulopenia)
A decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood
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Granulopoiesis
The production of granulocytes
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Hemacytometer
A calibrated chamber in which blood cells are counted
70
Hematin
A brown or blueblack amorphous iron substance that unites with globin and forms hemoglobin
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Hematocrit
The packed cell volume (PVC) of red blood cells obtained by globin and forms hemoglobin
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Hematology
The branch of medicine that deals with the study of blood cells, blood producing organs and the manner in which these cells and organs are affected in disease
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Hematoma
Subcutaneous effusion of blood with resulting swelling, pain, and discoloration, forming a tumorlike mass
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Hematopoietic (Hemopoietic)
Blood forming
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Hemoglobin
The coloring matter of the red blood cells. A complex ironbearing pigment that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine
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Hemogram
The blood picture
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Hemolysis
The dissolution or dissolving of the erythrocytes
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Hemolytic Anemia
That type of anemia characterized by excessive intravascular destruction of red cells
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Hemophilia
A hereditary disease characterized by a prolonged coagulation time and repeated hemorrhages, occurring only in males and transmitted only by females and affected males. The cause is a deficiency in a plasma factor (antihemophilic globulin or thromboplastinogen) resulting in a defect in thromboplastic activity
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Hemoptysis
The spitting of blood; coughing up blood
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Hemostasis
The checking of the flow of blood, especially from a vessel
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Hepatic
Originating from the liver
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Heterozygous
Derived from germ cells unlike in respect to one or more factors
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Hemeostasis
Stability in normal body states
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Homozygous
Derived from germ cells that are alike
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HowellJolly Bodies
Small basophilic particles sometimes found in erythrocytes, remnants of nuclear material
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Hygroscopic
Readily taking up and retaining water
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Hyperplasia
An increase in cell formation
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Hypertonic
Greater than isotonic concentration
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Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or part due to increase in the size of the constituent cells
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Hypochromia
A decrease in color of the erythrocytes, hence a decrease in their hemoglobin content
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Hypoplasia
A decrease in cell formation
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Hypotonic
Less than isotonic concentration
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Idiopathic
Disease of unknown cause
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Inclusion
Usually lifeless, an accumulation of fats, proteins, crystals pigments or secretory granules within a cell cytoplasm
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Inhibitor
A substance, directed against a coagulation factor or factors, which interferes with the coagulation process
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Intravascular
Occurring within the blood vessels
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Intrinsic
Situated within the particular part
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In Vitro
Within a test tube (glass, etc.)
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In Vivo
Within the living organism, as in life
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Isotonic
Solutions with the same osmotic pressure
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Jaundice
Yellow mass of the skin and eyes due to the presence of blood pigments in the blood; follows excessive destruction of the blood, obstruction of the bile passage, diffuse liver disease, certain infections, toxic chemical agents and drugs
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Juvenile Cell
In the Schilling classification, the cell between the myelocyte and band forms; also metamyelocyte
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Karyolysis
Apparent destruction of the nucleus of a cell
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Karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nucleus; a degenerative process usually followed by karyolysis
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L.E. Cell
A large segmented neutrophil or eosinophil that contains ingested autolyzed nuclear fragments in its cytoplasm
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Leukemia
An ultimately fatal disease of the bloodforming organs characterized by increased numbers of leukocytes and associated anemia
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Leukemoid Crisis or Reaction
A temporary appearance of immature leukocytes in the blood stream, with a marked increase in the total white count. In the laboratory sometimes temporarily indistinguishable from leukemia
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Leukocyte
White blood cell
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Leukocytosis
An increase in leukocytes in the blood
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Leukopenia
A reduction in the number of leukocytes in the blood
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Leukopoiesis
Leukocyte formation
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Lymphoblast
The parent cell of the lymphocytic series
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Lymphocyte
A white blood cell having a round or oval nucleus and sky blue cytoplasm. The nuclear chromatin is densely clumped but separated by many clear areas giving a "hill and valley" effect. A few redpurple (azurophilic) granules may be present in the cytoplasm
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Lymphocytosis
A relative or absolute increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
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Lymphopenia
An abnormal decrease in the number of lymphocytes
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Lysis
Destruction by a specific agent
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Macrocyte
An erythrocyte larger than normal
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Macrocytosis
An increase in the number of macrocytes
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Mast Cell
A basophil or a true tissue cell
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Maturation Factor
A substance that will cause cells to ripen and care to maturity
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
The average amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cell
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MHC)
The average percent hemoglobin saturation in the red blood cell
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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
The volume of the average red blood cell
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Megakaryoblast
The parent cell of the megakaryocytic series
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Megakaryocyte
An extremely large cell with an irregular lobed, ring or doughnutshaped nucleus that stains bluepurple. The cytoplasm is abundant, light blue and is packed with fine azurophilic granules. This cell gives rise to thrombocytes
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Megaloblast
The type of red cell precursor found in pernicious anemia. This differs from the normal erythrocyte precursor (normoblast) in that the megaloblast is larger and the nuclear chromatin has a fine meshwork or scroll design
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M.E. Ratio
The ratio of myeloid to erythroid cells in the bone marrow
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Mesentery
The fold of peritoneum that attaches the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
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Metamyelocyte
Juvenile cell of Schilling
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Metarubricyte
An erythrocyte with a pyknotic, contracted nucleus. Also called orthochromatophilic normoblast
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Methemoglobin
A spectroscopically detected compound of hemoglobin found in nitrobenzol, and other poisonings. The blood is a chocolate brown color to the eye
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Microcyte
An erythrocyte smaller than normal
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Microcytosis
An increase in the number of microcytes
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Micron
Onethousandth of a millimeter, the common unit of microscopic measure
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Mitochondria
Granular components of a cell cytoplasm active in oxidative processes
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Mitosis
A series of changes through which the nucleus passes in indirect cell division. A tissue showing many cells in mitosis indicates rapid growth of that tissue.
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Monoblast
The parent cell of the monocytic series.
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Monocyte
A large white blood cell with a pale bluegray cytoplasm containing fine azurophilic granules. The nucleus is spongy and lobulated.
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Monocytosis
A relative or absolute increase in the number of circulating monocytes.
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Mucosa
Mucous membrane.
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Myeloblast
The parent cell of the granulocytic or myelocytic series.
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Myelocyte
The stage in development of the granulocytic series that is characterized by the first appearance of specific granules (eosinophilic, neutrophilic or basophilic) and a round nucleus.
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Myeloid Cells
The granular leukocytes and their stem cells.
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Myelopoiesis
Formation of bone marrow and the blood cells that originate in the bone marrow.
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Myeloproliferative
Rapid production of bone marrow constituents.
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Necrosis
The death of a circumscribed portion of tissue. Simple necrosis is degeneration of the cytoplasm and nucleus without change in the gross appearance of the tissue.
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Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood.
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Neutrophil (Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil or Segmented Neutrophil)
A granulocyte having fine neutrophilic (pinkviolet) granules in the cytoplasm. The nucleus is divided into two or more lobes; each lobe is usually connected by a filament.
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Neutrophilia
An increase in neutrophils.
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Normoblast
The nucleated precursor of the normal red blood cell. Also called a rubriblast.
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Normocyte (Erythrocyte)
A red blood cell of normal size.
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NRBC
Nucleated red cell, usually a metarubricyte when seen in the peripheral blood smear.
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Nucleolus
An intranuclear pale blue body, surrounded by a dense condensation of chromatin.
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Occult Blood
The presence of blood that cannot be detected except by special chemical tests.
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Oligochromemia
A decrease in hemoglobin.
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Oligocythemia
A decrease in the number of erythrocytes.
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Organoid
An elliptical erythrocyte.
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Oxyhemoglobin
The bright red hemoglobin that is loosely combined with oxygen and found in arterial blood.
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Pancytopenia
A reduction in all three formed elements of the blood, namely, the erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
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Pathologic Increase (Or Decrease)
Due to abnormal function or disease, as contrasted to physiological (due to normal body function).
163
Pernicious Anemia
A chronic, macrocytic anemia caused by a defect in production of intrinsic factors by the stomach. There is accompanying megaloblastic erythropoiesis, poikilocytosis, granulocytic hypersegmentation, achlorhydia, and neurological disturbances.
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Petichiae
Small spots on the skin formed by subcutaneous effusion of blood (also purpura and ecchymoses).
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Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood composed of serum and fibrinogen, obtained when an anticoagulant is used.
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Phagocytosis
The destruction of organisms and extraneous matter by a process of envelopment and absorption.
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Plasma Cell
A lymphocytelike cell with an eccentrically placed deepstaining nucleus. The nuclear chromatin is distributed in a "wheelspoke" fashion. The cytoplasm is deep blue with a lighter halo about the nucleus.
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Platelet
Thrombocyte.
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Poikilocyte
A red blood cell having abnormal shape (pearshape, sickleshape, etc.). Poikilocytosis
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Polychromatophilia
The presence in the stained blood smear of immature, nonnucleated, bluishstaining red blood cells.
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Polycythemia
An increase in the total number of erythrocytes. (See erythremia.).
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Precursor
A substance from which another substance is formed.
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Promyelocyte
The precursor of the myelocyte having nonspecific azurophilic (redpurple) cytoplasmic granules.
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Prorubricyte
The second stage of development of the red cell.
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Prothrombin
The inactive precursor of thrombin that is formed in the liver and present normally in the plasma. Its formation depends upon adequate vitamin K.
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Punctate Basophilia
Small basophilic aggregates in the erythrocytes that stain blue with the basic dye of Wright's stain; also basophilic stippling.
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Purpura
Small spots on the skin formed by subcutaneous effusion of blood.
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Pyknosis
A condensation and reduction in size of the cell and its nucleus.
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Reduced Hemoglobin
A combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide that is found in venous blood.
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Reticulocyte
A red blood cell showing a reticulum or network when stained with vital dyes (for example, brilliant cresyl blue). The stage between the nucleated red cell and the mature erythrocyte.
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Reticulocytosis
An increase above normal values of reticulocytes in peripheral blood.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid.
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Rouleaux Formation
The arrangement of red cells with their flat surfaces facing, in which they appear as figures resembling stacks of coins.
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Rubricyte
Polychromatophilic normoblast.
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Sedimentation Rate, Erythrocyte (ESR)
The rate at which red cells will settle out in their own plasma in a given time under controlled conditions.
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Serum
The fluid portion of the blood, after clot formation.
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Shift to the Left
A term used to designate that condition in which the immature forms of the neutrophils are increased above their normal number.
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Shift to the Right
Increase in mature, pyknotic, and hypersegmented neutrophils.
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Sickle Cell
A sickle or crescentshaped erythrocyte.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
This is a hereditary and familial form of chronic, hemolytic anemia essentially peculiar to Negroes. It is characterized clinically by symptoms of anemia, joint pains, leg ulcers, acute attacks of abdominal pain and is distinguished hematologically by the presence of distinct hemoglobin, peculiar sickleshaped and oatshaped red corpuscles, and signs of excessive blood destruction and active blood formation
191
Smudge Cell
A ruptured white cell; also basket cell, or degenerated cell.
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Spherocyte
A red blood cell that is more spherical, smaller, darker, and more fragile than normal.
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Stasis
A stoppage of blood flow.
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Supravital Stain
A stain of low toxicity that will not cause death to living cells or tissues.
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Synchronous
Occurring at the sane time and in a regular pattern.
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Target Cell (Leptocyte)
An abnormal, thin erythrocyte characteristic of Cooley's or Mediterranean anemia.
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Triturate
To grind together.
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Thrombin
This is an enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. This is not present in circulating blood.
199
Thrombocyte
A blood platelet.
200
Thrombocytopenia
A decrease in blood platelets; also thrombopenia.
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Thrombocytosis
An increase in blood platelets.
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Thromboplastin
The substance that initiates the process of blood clotting. It is released from injured tissue and/or formed by the disintegration of platelets in combination with several plasma factors.
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Thrombopoiesis
The production of thrombocytes.
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Thrombosis
Formation of a thrombus, or blood clot.
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Vacuole
A space or cavity formed in the protoplasm of a cell.
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Venipuncture
The act of puncturing a vein in order to remove a sample of blood.
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Viscous Metamorphosis
Friction between molecules resulting in a structural change.
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Vitamin K
A vitamin constituent of the normal diet requiring bile salts for absorption. The liver in the production of prothrombin utilizes this vitamin.
209
Xanthochromia
A yellowish discoloration, usually associated with spinal fluid.
