Hematology - Hemoglobin Flashcards
(21 cards)
1
Q
Megaloblastic anaemia
A
- Sulphasalazine
- Phenytoin
2
Q
Macrocytic anaemia with a megaloblastic bone marrow
A
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency
3
Q
Macrocytic anaemia with a normoblastic bone marrow
A
- Alcohol
- Liver disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Pregnancy
- Reticulocytosis
- Myelodysplasia
- Drugs: cytotoxics
4
Q
Causes of macrocytosis with pancytopenia
A
- Infections (e.g., tickborne disease and HIV)
- Vitamin deficiencies (vitamin B12 or folate)
5
Q
Sideroblastic anemia
A
- Congenital
- Acquired:
** myelodysplasia,
** alcohol,
** lead,
** anti-TB medications
6
Q
Microcytic anemia
A
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Thalassaemia: in beta-thalassaemia minor the microcytosis is often disproportionate to the anemia
- Congenital sideroblastic anemia
- Lead poisoning
- Anemia of chronic disease (more commonly a normocytic, normochromic picture)
7
Q
Causes of normocytic anaemia
A
- Anaemia of chronic disease
- Chronic kidney disease
- Aplastic anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Acute blood loss
8
Q
Aplastic anemia
A
- Idiopathic
- Congenital: Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita
- Drugs: cytotoxics, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, phenytoin, gold
- Toxins: benzene
- Parvovirus, hepatitis
- Radiation
9
Q
Causes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
A
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Malignant hypertension
- Vasculitis
- Eclampsia
- HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets) syndrome
- Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
- Scleroderma renal crisis
- Metastatic cancer
- Calcineurin inhibitors
- Solid organ transplant rejection
10
Q
Hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency
A
- Sulfonylureas
- Sulphasalazine
- Primaquine
- Ciprofloxacin
- Sulphonamides
- Rasburicase
11
Q
Some drugs thought to be safe in G6PD deficiency
A
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Tetracyclines
- Trimethoprim
12
Q
Cold AIHA (IgM)
A
- Neoplasia: e.g. lymphoma
- Infections: e.g. mycoplasma, Legionella, EBV, CMV, Malaria
13
Q
Warm AIHA
A
- Autoimmune disease: e.g. SLE
- Neoplasia: e.g. lymphoma, CLL
- Drugs: e.g. methyldopa
14
Q
Intravascular haemolysis
A
- Mismatched blood transfusion
- G6PD deficiency
- Red cell fragmentation: heart valves,TTP, DIC, HUS
- Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- Cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
15
Q
Extravascular haemolysis
A
- Haemoglobinopathies: sickle cell, thalassaemia
- Hereditary spherocytosis
- Haemolytic disease of newborn
- Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
16
Q
Acquired haemolytic anemia: Causes of immune destruction of red cells
A
- Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias
- Drug-induced immune haemolytic anemia
- Alloimmune haemolytic anemia
17
Q
Acquired haemolytic anemia: Causes of non-immune destruction of red cells
A
- Acquired membrane defects (e.g. paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria)
- Mechanical factors (e.g. prosthetic heart valves, or microangiopathic haemolytic anemia)
- Secondary to systemic disease (e.g. renal and liver disease)
18
Q
Conditions associated with hemolysis and a positive DAT result
A
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Drug-induced hemolytic anemias
- Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
- Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cold agglutinin syndrome, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, mixed-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
19
Q
Conditions associated with a positive DAT result, with or without hemolysis
A
- Exogenous immune globulin administration
- Recent hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation
- Recent solid organ transplantation
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Some hematologic diseases, including lymphoproliferative diseases
20
Q
Conditions associated with hemolysis and a negative DAT result
A
- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- Hypersplenism
- Liver disease
- Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease, thalassemia)
- Erythrocyte membranopathies (spherocytosis)
- Deficiencies of erythrocyte enzymes (G-6-PD deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency)
- Infectious diseases (Clostridium difficile infection)
- Erythrocyte trauma (mechanical heart valves, improper use of blood warmers)
21
Q
Causes of secondary polycythemia
A
- Living in a high altitude
- Androgen supplementation
- Pulmonary/heart diseases (sleep apnea, COPD, cardiac shunting)
- Renal cell or liver tumors
