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Hematopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of formation and development of blood cells is

termed:

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

During the second trimester of fetal development, the primary
site of blood cell production is the:

A

Liver

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3
Q

Which one of the following organs is responsible for the
maturation of T lymphocytes and regulation of their expression
of CD4 and CD8?
a. Spleen
b. Liver
c. Thymus
d. Bone marrow

A

c. Thymus

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4
Q 
The best source of active bone marrow from a 20 year old
would be:
a. Iliac crest
b. Femur
c. Distal radius
d. Tibia
A

A. Iliac crest

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5
Q

Physiologic programmed cell death is termed:

a. Angiogenesis
b. Apoptosis
c. Aneurysm
d. Apohematics

A

B. Apoptosis

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6
Q

Which organ is the site of sequestration of platelets?

a. Liver
b. Thymus
c. Spleen
d. Bone marrow

A

C. Spleen

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7
Q 
Which one of the following morphologic changes occurs
during normal blood cell maturation?
a. Increase in cell diameter
b. Development of cytoplasm basophilia
c. Condensation of nuclear chromatin
d. Appearance of nucleoli
A

C

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8
Q 
Which one of the following cells is a product of the common
lymphoid progenitor?
a. Megakaryocyte
b. T lymphocyte
c. Erythrocyte
d. Granulocyte
A

B. T lymphocyte

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9
Q

What growth factor is produced in the kidneys and is used
to treat anemia associated with kidney disease?
a. EPO
b. TPO
c. G-CSF
d. KIT ligand

A

a. EPO

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10
Q

Which one of the following cytokines is required very early
in the differentiation of a hematopoietic stem cell?
a. IL-2
b. IL-8
c. EPO
d. FLT3 ligand

A

FLT3 ligand

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11
Q

When a patient has a severe anemia and the bone marrow is unable to effectively produce red blood cells to meet the increased demand, one of the body’s response is:
a. Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen
b. Decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidney
c. Increased apoptosis of erythrocyte progenitor cells
d. Increased proportion of yellow marrow in the long
bones

A

a. Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen

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12
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells produce all lineages of blood cells
in sufficient quantities over the lifetime of an individual
because they:
a. Are unipotent
b. Have the ability of self-renewal by asymmetric division
c. Are present in large numbers in the bone marrow
niches
d. Have a low mitotic potential in response to growth
factors

A

b. Have the ability of self-renewal by asymmetric division

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13
Q

Characteristics

shared by interleukins

A
  1. They are proteins that exhibit multiple biologic activities,
    such as the regulation of autoimmune and inflammatory
    reactions and hematopoiesis.
  2. They have synergistic interactions with other cytokines.
  3. They are part of interacting systems with amplification
    potential.
  4. They are effective at very low concentrations.
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14
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

produced by many different cells. They have a high

specificity for their target cells and are active at low concentrations.

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15
Q

The names of the individual factors indicate the predominant

cell lines that respond to their presence. T or F?

A

T

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16
Q

GM-CSF stimulates the proliferation of granulocyte and monocyte
progenitors.
It does not synergistically work with IL-3 to enhance
megakaryocyte colony formation.
a. Both statements are false
b. Both are true
C. first statement is false and 2nd is true.
d. first statement is true and 2nd is false.

A

d.

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17
Q

regulate the proliferation, differentiation,

and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.

A

hematopoietic growth

factors or cytokines

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18
Q

interleukins
(ILs), lymphokines, monokines, interferons, chemokines, and
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs).5

A

All are cytokines

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19
Q

hematopoiesis is a random process whereby the HSC randomly

commits to self-renewal or differentiation.

A

stochastic model

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20
Q

bone marrow determines

whether the HSC will self-renew or differentiate

A

instructive model

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21
Q

A theory suggests that all blood
cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called a pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell.

A

monophyletic theory

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22
Q

A theory suggests
that each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own
unique stem cell.

A

polyphyletic theory

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23
Q

The monophyletic theory is the most widely

accepted theory among experimental hematologists. T or F?

A

T

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24
Q

T, B, and natural killer lymphocyte and dendritic lineages

A

common

lymphoid progenitor

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25
granulocytic, erythrocytic, monocytic, | and megakaryocytic lineages
common myeloid progenitor
26
A division that states both daughter cells may | follow the path of differentiation, leaving the stem cell pool
symmetric division
27
one daughter cell may return to the stem | cell pool and the other daughter cell may follow the path of differentiation
asymmetric division
28
"waiting zone"
cortex of thymus
29
Progenitor t cells with no identifiable CD4 and | CD8 surface markers are called?
double negative T cells
30
When progenitor cells enter cortex and express both CD4 and CD8, they are called?
double positive | T cells
31
-increased hematopoiesis due increase in cellular demand as well as hematopoietic stress Enlargement of the bone -Typical chipmunk facies is also observed -X-ray shows hair on end appearance which signifies spaces in the trabecula which does not exist in a normal child
beta-thalassemia
32
site for hematopoiesis
- Skull - Proximal end of large bones - Sternum - Vertebrae - Axial Skeleton - Iliac Crest
33
M;E ratio
3:1
34
G-CSF
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
35
GM-CSF
Granulocyte Megakaryocyte Colony | Stimulating Factor
36
When an erythroblast releases its core and becomes an RBC, The nucleus is gradually engulfed by the macrophage
Enucleation
37
Macrophage capture the iron in the plasma, | stores it and then gives it to the erythroblast
Suckling Phenomenon
38
2 year old, male, was brought by his parents to your clinic due to abdominal swelling and slow growth. History reveals no prenatal check-ups, delivery was unremarkable as claimed and was attended by traditional birth attendant in their home, newborn screening was done. On physical examination, patient was noted to have “chipmunk” facies, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Which of the following bones will likely to expand due increased erythropoiesis? • A. Skull • B. Femur • C. Distal humerus • D. All choices
d. All choice During childhood, all bones contains active bone (red bone marrow) marrow. As we become adult, red bone marrow will only be limited on axial bones and proximal ends of long bones.
39
Hemoglobin chain for A1
2 alpha- 2-beta (bata)
40
Hemoglobin chain for A2
2 alpha- 2-delta (data)
41
hbF
2-alpha-2-gamma (gaga)
42
What hemoglobin chain is absent in BETA-thallasemia?
A1 (2-alpha-2-BETA)
43
A 27 year old G1P0 3 months AOG came in for prenatal check up. Examination was unremarkable. What is the predominant hemoglobin in utero during this time? • A. Gower 1 • B. Fetal • C. Portland • D. Gower 2
B. Fetal
44
65 year old, male, embalmer, sought admission at SPMC due to weakness and shortness of breath. Physical Examination was unremarkable. CBC noted anemia and increased WBC count. Which of the following specimen/s will be collected for examination? • A. BM Biopsy • B. BM Aspirate • C. Both • D. Neither
C. Both
45
60 year old female, entrepreneur, came in for check up due to1 month headache, fatigue, & dizziness. On physical exam, patient was noted to be plethoric with mild hepatosplenomegaly. CBC showed polycythemia. Which of the following is characteristic of growth factors? • A. JAK-STAT is the usual receptor • B. Effective only in very high concentrations • C. Most growth factor act alone to manifest their effects • D. All Growth factors have systemic effects
A.
46
are growth factors effective only in low concentrations? t or f?
t
47
Most growth factor act alone to manifest their effects. t or f?
f
48
All Growth factors have systemic effects
f. (local)
49
Only growth factor with true endocrine function.
EPO
50
JAk-STAT
Janus Kinase - Signal Transduction | and Activator of Transcription
51
increased interleukin concentrations, Initiation of immune response and inflammation ○ Most accepted pathophysiology for COVID 19 or severe COVID
cytokine storm
52
Polycythemia vera
mutation of jak-stat receptor (always open) leading to increased rbc count, wbc count, platelet count, and increased viscousity of rbc.
53
8 year old, female, Elementary student, parents sought admission due to scheduled chemotherapy. She was apparently well with unremarkable PE findings. Patient is on her last cycle of chemotherapy. How will you differentiate leukemic cells from normal cells? • A. WBCs with 3-4 lobes • B. Neutrophil with few vacuolation • C. Cytoplasmic basophilia • D. Monocytes with pseudopods
c.
54
Features: 1. Chromatin Pattern 2. Nuclear Shape 3. Nuclear Size 4. Presence of Nucleoli
Nuclear Characteristics
55
Features: 1. Cytoplasmic Basophilia 2. Granulation 3. Shape 4. Quantity of Cytoplasm 5. Vacuolization 6. Inclusion Bodies
Cytoplasmic Characteristics
56
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in adult hood is normal.
F (pathologic)
57
Gaucher Disease, deficiency in what enzyme?
glucocerebrosidase
58
phony cells
Niemann- Pick Disease
59
enlargement of | lymph nodes.
Lymphadenopathy
60
Possible in patients with Sickle Cell Anemia
Autosplenectomy
61
Leads to pancytopenia despite of the presence of normal | bone marrow
Hypersplenism
62
Nucleus’ size DECREASES as it matures; N:C | ratio also DECREASES. t or f?
t
63
main stimulator of erythropoiesis
erythropoietin | and hypoxia
64
For leukopoiesis, its main control are?
colony stimulating | factors and Interleukin-(IL3)
65
Megakaryocytopoiesis, main controls are?
thrombopoietin and | Megakaryocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (Meg-CSF)
66
CFU-E is very sensitive to erythropoietin. T or F?
T
67
CFU-GEMM gives rise to earliest identifiable colony of | RBC, CFU-E. T or F?
F
68
BFU-E will become CFU-E that has less EPO receptors . T or F?
F
69
In Chromatin Pattern, Immature Cells has a Smooth, homogenous, fine, delicate, lacy or thready. T or F?
t
70
In chromatin pattern, mature Cells has Smudgy, clumped or pyknotic (dense or compact). t or f?
t
71
``` Nuclear Shape ● Immature Cells: ○ WBCs: More segmented or lobed ● Mature Cells: ○ Round or oval; except Monocytes (folded nuclear shape) ```
F (baliktad)
72
``` Nuclear size ● Immature Cells: ○ Large-sized nucleus ○ nucleus occupies 80% of the cell, however it decreases to 60-75% ● Mature Cells: ○ size of the nucleus decreases ○ Decrease in NC ratio ```
T
73
As the erythrocyte matures, they extrude their nucleus and won't need it since they are full of hemoglobin ● The extrusion is responsible for the disc shape of RBCs ● The extruded nucleus is called pyrenocyte and will be devoured by macrophages
T
74
reticulocyte, what stain?
Supravital (New methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue)
75
polychromatophilic erythrocytes, what stain?
wright stain
76
○ Neutrophils - ____ granules ○ Eosinophils - ______ granules ○ Basophiles - ____ granules
lilac red-orange blue
77
``` Presence Of Nucleoli ● Immature Cells: Presence of nucleoli ● Mature Cells: Nucleoli not visible Or absent ```
T
78
Rule for granulation: first granule that will be produced (primary granules) will be the last to be degranulated.
T
79
Pseudopods may be observed in mature monocytes | and in some leukocyte blast forms.
T
80
ENDOMITOSIS, done by what cell?
Megakaryocytes

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