Hematopoiesis Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Stem cell –> (2)
A
- myeloid line
2. lymphoid line
2
Q
granulocytes (4)
A
- basophils
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- most Mast cells
3
Q
CFU EMeg –> (2)
A
- RBCS
2. Megakaryocytes –>platlets
4
Q
monocytes –>
A
macrophage
5
Q
hematopoietic stem cells are _________
A
- multipotent (capacity to differentiate into 10 blood cell lines)
6
Q
GM-CSF
M-CSF
G-CSF
A
- granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors
- Macrophage colony stimulating factors
- Granulocyte colony stimulating factors
7
Q
Hematopoietic growth factors
A
CSF-colony stimulating factors
8
Q
Thrombopoietin produced in _______, stimulates _________ production
A
liver,
megakaryocyte
9
Q
up to puberty all marrow is ____ and ________ _______
A
red,
hematopoietically active
10
Q
by 18 half of marrow is _______ _______, thus ______
A
yellow fatty,
inactive
11
Q
% of whole blood volume which is composed of RBCs
A
hematocrit
12
Q
Heme made of ______ made in ______
A
Fe,
mitochondria
13
Q
Hemoglobin =
A
heme + globin
14
Q
HbA structure
A
a2b2 97% of total hemoglobin in adult
15
Q
HBA2
A
a2d2 2%
16
Q
HbF
A
a2gama2 .7%
17
Q
75% of fetal hemoglobin
A
HbF a2gama2 – allows fetus to extract O2 from placenta
18
Q
^pH (base) vTemp
A
Less O2 delivered “left shift”
19
Q
fetal hemablobin ____ shift on dissociation curve
A
Left – want more O2 delivered
20
Q
v pH (acidic) ^Temp
A
More O2 delivered “right shift”
21
Q
partial pressure of O2 at which Hb is half saturated w/ O2
A
p50
22
Q
O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve
A
O2 carrying capacity of Hb at dif PO2
23
Q
Hb S
A
sickle–R shift
24
Q
Hb F
A
fetal –left shift
25
immature RBC
reticulocyte--has some ribosomal material left--will stain w/ methylene blue
26
erythropoiesis regulation
1. proper bone marrow function
2. supplies of (Fe, folate, vit B-12)
3. signals--(erythropoietin, thyroxin, testosterin, GH)
27
stresses on RBCs (3)
1. mechanical
2. osmotic
3. oxidative
while passing through cap beds
28
shape allows for greater
SA:Volume ratio (allows rapid diffusion of O2 and CO2)
29
functionality and lifespan depends on (3)
1. cell shape
2. cytoplasmic viscosity
3. membrane deformability and stability
30
cytoplasmic viscoity determined by
MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentraiton --water vs honey
31
_____ filters RBCs -- destroyed by
spleen,
| monocytes/macrophages
32
intravascular hemolysis pathologic in(4)
1. heart valve damage
2. complement fixation to RBC
3. damage from microangiopathies
4. abnormalities affecting RBC stability
33
G6PD
structural component -- decrease will lead to ^ likelihood of lyse
34
Hb catabolism
1. Fe transported via transferrin to marrow erythroblasts
2. protoporphyrin ring --> bilirubin to liver
3. globin chains broken into amino acids
35
MCV
mean cell vollume (average volume of a RBC)
36
MCH
mean cell hemoglobin (concentration of hemoglobin in RBC)
37
MCHC
mean cell hemoglobin concentration (viscocity) roughly the same as MCH
38
RDW
| micro/macrocytic
red blood cell distribution width (degree of variation in the size of the RBC's--large vs. small--norm 11-15%)
39
hypo/hyperchromic MCH
- less dense
| - more dense
40
quantification of RBCs (2)
1. hemoglobin concentration or
| 2. hematocrit
41
Elevated/depressed RBC's
- plycythemia
| - anemia (production (bone marrow, defective production), low lifespan, or blood loss)
42
attack "marked" bacteria, neutral (don't stain w/ acid or base), 2-4 lobes,
neutrophils
43
neutrophils may be elevated from (4)
1. infection
2. surgical stress
3. trauma
4. exogenous CS
44
elevated in allergies and hypersensitivity rxns, release toxic nitiric oxide compounds
eosinophils
45
basophils / Mast cells
eat up damaged tissues, release granules containing histamines, allergies and anaphylaxis
46
EBV
infectious mononucleosis
47
large, twice size of RBCs, enter tissue to become macrophage, STRONG phagocytizers, engulf objects
monocytes
48
elevated in VIRAL infxion
lymphocytes (T, B, NK)
49
T cell types (3)
1. cytotoxic T-cells--attack foreign bodies
2. Helper T cells--help stim T and B cells
3. Suppressor T cells-inhibit T and B cells
50
self and non-self differentiation
MHC major histocompatitility complex
51
hymoral immunity
B-cell--activated by helper T-cell,
52
activated B-cell
plasma cells slide 63 for B cell activation
53
most abundant antibody in serum--indicative of past infx and possible immunity
IgG
54
FIRST antibody produced (acute infx), LARGE, remains in blood
IgM
55
mucosal surfaces, coat pathogens when transported across skin, MILK
IgA MALK
56
role in anaphylaxis/allergy, attaches to Basophils and Mast cells
IgE
57
surface of virgin B cells
IgD
58
key role of hemostasis, 1/3 in spleen, 7-10 day lifespan, granular,
platelets
59
platelet surface
glycoproteins responsible for aggregation, rxn w/ VWF, and adhesion
60
platelet production stimulated by (3)
1. thrombopoietin from liver
2. interleukin 6
3. CSF's
61
pt's coagulable state is determined via balance btwn (3)
1. platelet count
2. extent of tissue damage
3. availability of clotting factors
62
Nutshell--RBC measurements can change w/ (6)
1. infx
2. anemia
3. hemoglobinopathies
4. hemolysis
5. bone marrow defects
6. medications
63
Platelets are affected by (4)
1. bone marrow defect
2. inflammatory processes
3. coagulopathies
4. autoimmune processes
64
WBC's and their differentials are altered by (5)
1. various infxs
2. allergies
3. bone marrow defects
4. malignancies
5. medications (steroids)
65
WBC stain red
eosinophils--red w/ eosin dye
66
eosinophils attack objects covered w/ ________ (i.e.)
antibodies, (bac, protozoa, cellular debris, cocci infxn, hodgkin's lymphoma, CML, parasites)
67
elevated in allergies and hypersensitivity
eosinophils
68
phagocytic granulocytes specialized to eat parasites (2)
basophils and eosinophils
69
pus =
dead granulocytes
70
"eat" and help activate the immune system--filter body fluids--clear orgs and particles
Dendritic cells--lymph/myeloid lineage
71
the extent of membrane deformation that can be induced by force impact
the more deformable the membrane, the less force needed to move the cell through narrow spaces
72
stability of RBCs regulated by structural proteins impact:
the max extent of deformation that a membrance can undergo--decreased stability leads to cell fragmentation under normal circulating stresses
73
RBC shape altered in (2)
1. hemoglobinopathies
| 2. congenital hemolytic anemias (spherocytes)
74
heme broken down into (2)
1. Fe
| 2. biliruben-->liver--> urobilenogen (excreted)
75
What will REDUCE cellular deformability
1. membrane loss (reductino of SA)
| 2. increase in cell water content
