Hematopoiesis and Introduction to Peripheral Blood

Question 1

What are the 4 most important hematopoietic growth factors?

Answer 1

CSF (colony stimulating factor)
Cytokines
EPO (erythrpoietin)
TPO (thrombopoietin)

Question 2

What is the 1st potentiator of differentiation?

Answer 2

SCF (stem cell factor)

Question 3

What is the function of IL-3?

Answer 3

Influences replication and growth potential of hematopoietic progenitors

Question 4

What is the function of IL-6?

Answer 4

Stimulates megakaryocytes and neutrophil production; key factor in leukemoid reaction

Question 5

What is the function of IL-2?

Answer 5

T-cell growth factor

Question 6

What is the function of IL-2 and IL-6 combined?

Answer 6

B-cell growth factor

Question 7

What does G-CSF do?

Answer 7

Stimulates increase in neutrophils; treatment for neutropenia after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant

Question 8

What does EPO do?

Answer 8

Stimulates formation of RBC’s; produced by kidney

Question 9

What does TPO do?

Answer 9

Stimulates increase in megakaryocytes and platelets; produced by liver

Question 10

What is MCV?

Answer 10

Mean corpuscular volume; average volume of RBC

Question 11

What is MCHC?

Answer 11

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume

Question 12

What is RPI? What does it increase with?

Answer 12

Reticulocyte production index; corrected reticulocyte % based on RBC volume; increases with increased RBC destruction

Question 13

What is the normal value of Hb?

Answer 13

Males: 13.5 - 17.5

Females: 12.3 - 15.3

Question 14

What is the normal value of Hct?

Answer 14

Males: 40-52

Females: 36-48

Question 15

What is the normal value for RBC?

Answer 15

Males: 4.5 - 6.5

Females: 3.9 - 5.6

Question 16

What is the normal value for MCV?

Answer 16

Males/Females: 80-95

Question 17

What is the normal value for MCHC?

Answer 17

Males/Females: 30-35

Question 18

What anemias are caused by a lack of iron?

Answer 18

Iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia

Question 19

What anemia is caused by folate or B12 deficiency?

Answer 19

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 20

What anemia results in pancytopenia usually caused by a toxin or drug effect?

Answer 20

Aplastic anemia

Question 21

What anemia is caused by autoantibodies?

Answer 21

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 22

What is microcytic?

Answer 22

MCV < 80

Question 23

What is normocytic?

Answer 23

MCV = 80-100

Question 24

What is macrocytic?

Answer 24

MCV > 100

Question 25

What are the microcytic anemias?

Answer 25

Iron deficiency, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia

Question 26

What are the normocytic anemias with a low reticulocyte count?

Answer 26

Marrow failure, aplastic anemia, myelofibrosis, leukemia/metastasis, renal failure, anemia of chronic disease

Question 27

What are the normocytic anemias with a high reticulocyte count?

Answer 27

Sickle cell anemia, G6PD deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Question 28

What are the macrocytic anemias?

Answer 28

Megaloblastic anemia, alcoholic liver disease

Question 29

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

Answer 29

Hematopoiesis occurring in organs outside of the bone marrow

Question 30

Define a left shift

Answer 30

Increased immature leukocytes, especially band forms

Question 31

Define toxic granulation

Answer 31

Dark, coarse granules within neutrophils, especially in inflammatory conditions

Question 32

What are the causes of neutrophilia?

Answer 32

Acute bacterial infection, medications (glucocorticoids, catecholamines), cigarette smoking, physical stress, myeloproliferative neoplasms/leukemia

Question 33

In patients with thrombocytopenia, what should they avoid/what are they at risk for with less than 100k platelets? Less than 50k platelets? Less than 20k platelets?

Answer 33

< 100k platelets: high risk surgery should be avoided < 50k platelets: at risk for surgical bleeding < 20k platelets: at risk for severe spontaneous hemorrhage, intracranial bleeding

Question 34

What are the causes of thrombocytopenia?

Answer 34

Increased platelet destruction, decreased production of platelets, sequesteration by the spleen in patients with splenomegaly