Hematopoietic System

Question 1

[T/F] Under normal circumstances only immature cells are released into the systemic circulation.

Answer 1

FALSE - only MATURE cells are released

Question 2

When immature cells are released into the bone marrow, this indicates…? (2 things)

Answer 2

Stress or DZ

Question 3

Name 4 abnormal hematology findings to examine the bone marrow.

Answer 3

1. Unexplained cytopenias
2. Maturation defects and morphologic abnormalities in blood cells
3. Myeloproliferative/lymphoproliferative DZ
4. Potential malignancies that are metastatic to MB

Question 4

What are the main components of the hematopoietic system?

Answer 4

Bone marrow, blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and thymus/bursa

Question 5

In the EMBRYO, where do the hematopoietic cells originate?

Answer 5

Yolk sac

Question 6

What are the most common places for extra medullary hematopoiesis (EMH)?

Answer 6

1. Spleen

2. Liver

Question 7

How long does it take to form: Neutrophils, platelets and erythrocytes?

Answer 7

N: hours
P: days
E: months

Question 8

What species of animal DOES NOT release reticulocytes into circulation even in situations of increase demand?

Answer 8

Horses

Question 9

What are the 3 factors that control hematopoiesis?

Answer 9

Cytokines, hormones and growth factors

Question 10

[T/F] Bone marrow act as a single tissue unit

Answer 10

TRUE - A sample of BM taken anywhere, represents the BM as a whole

Question 11

How can you evaluate the BM samples?

Answer 11

Aspirates

Question 12

What kind of bone marrow aspirates can be done?

Answer 12

Bone marrow smears and core biopsies

Question 13

Bone marrow smears are evaluated by a _________ pathologist, while a core biopsy is evaluated by _________

Answer 13

First blank: Clinical

Second blank: Morphological

Question 14

What is the Myeloid:Erythroid ratio in a normal bone marrow core biopsy?

Answer 14

1.5 : 1.0 ( M : E )

Question 15

Color of BM in young animals is ____ and consistent throughout the bone

Answer 15

Red

Question 16

[T/F] A young animal (5-6 months) cannot get serous atrophy of fat

Answer 16

FALSE - if the animal is starved or fed a poor quality feed, they can

Question 17

What would serous atrophy of fat look like in a necropsy?

Answer 17

Jelly like, yellowish material that is replacing BM

Question 18

What are the 3 causes of BM degeneration/necrosis that can interfere with hematopoiesis?

Answer 18

1. Radiation
2. Chemical, antineoplastic drugs
3. Viral infections

Question 19

BM necrosis and osteomyelitis may result in __________________

Answer 19

Pancytopenia

Question 20

______________ osteomyelitis results in bacterial infections, while ___________ osteomyelitis results in fungal infections

Answer 20

First blank: Suppurative

Second blank: Granulomatous

Question 21

What is the main inflammatory cell type you will see in a granulomatous infection?

Answer 21

Macrophages

Question 22

_________ is an example of multifocal granulomatous osteomyelitis

Answer 22

Tuberculosis

Question 23

[T/F] Cytauxozoonosis (cytauxozoon felis) is often fatal

Answer 23

TRUE - may occlude the lumina of vessels of certain organs (lung, brain, liver, lymph node and spleen)

Question 24

What animal is the reservoir for cytauxzoonosis?

Answer 24

Bobcats

Question 25

What are the 2 phases of cytauxzoonosis?

Answer 25

1. Schizogenous phase | 2. Erythrocytic phase

Question 26

What does the first phase (_________ phase) of cytauxzoonosis cause?

Answer 26

Schizogenous phase; Systemic illness (via blocking/occluding)

Question 27

What does the second phase (_________ phase) of cytauxzoonosis cause?

Answer 27

Erythrocytic phase; Anemia

Question 28

What occurs during hypoplasia/atrophy of BM?

Answer 28

Decreased proliferative activity | Increase in yellow marrow and marrow degeneration

Question 29

Give an example of hypoplasia/atrophy of BM

Answer 29

BM dmg secondary to feline panleukopenia virus infection

Question 30

Myelophthisis and abnormality of hematopoietic cells results in __________

Answer 30

Pancytopenia

Question 31

[T/F] Myelophthisis is when the myeloid tissue is being replaced by abnormal tissue

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

Name the 2 types of myelophthisis:

Answer 32

1. Myelofibrosis | 2. Malignant neoplasia

Question 33

What color is the BM during BM hyperplasia?

Answer 33

Red; the red marrow is replacing yellow marrow

Question 34

When/how does BM hyperplasia occur?

Answer 34

1. Decrease in cell #s in blood cause by increased peripheral demand (Chronic infections) 2. Adequate #s of hypofunctional cells in peripheral blood (Cells are present but DO NOT work)

Question 35

[T/F] BM hyperplasia results in decreased cell production in the marrow

Answer 35

FALSE - increased cell production!! Does it in response to poietins and interleukins

Question 36

Define primary neoplasia

Answer 36

neoplastic transformation of cells normally found in the BM

Question 37

Primary neoplasia can be divided into 2 categories. What are they? Which is more common?

Answer 37

1. Lymphoproliferative DZ - more common | 2. Myeloproliferative DZ

Question 38

[T/F] Lymphoproliferative DZ occurs if neoplastic transformation is found in one or more non-lymphoid marrow cell lines. Myeloproliferative DZ occurs if BM and/or extramedullary neoplastic transformation of a lymphoid cell line.

Answer 38

FALSE - switch

Question 39

Name 3 types of lymphoproliferative DZ

Answer 39

1. Lymphoma 2. Lymphoid leukemia 3. Plasma cell tumors/neoplasia

Question 40

Name 3 types of myeloproliferative DZ

Answer 40

1. Myeloid leukemia 2. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) 3. Histiocytic neoplasms

Question 41

Name the basic classification of leukemias (4 of them). Which of the 4 is uncommon? Which is rare?

Answer 41

CLL - Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (uncommon) ALL - Acute Lymphoid Leukemia CML - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (rare) AML - Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Question 42

Name 3 types of plasma cell tumors/neoplasia. Classify them as malignant/benign. Are they all rare?

Answer 42

1. Multiple myeloma - malignant/rare 2. Cutaneous plasmacytoma - benign/rare 3. Extramedullary plasmacytoma - malignant/rare

Question 43

How can you ID multiple myeloma in an X-Ray? Clinical signs?

Answer 43

X-Ray: Look for "punched out" appearance in radiographs of bone CS: Lameness and pathological fractures

Question 44

[T/F] Multiple myeloma may lead to hyper-viscosity syndrome

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

Difference between acute/chronic myeloid leukemias?

Answer 45

Acute is fatal and affects young animals. | Chronic has a longer clinical course and the neoplastic cells are very well-differentiated

Question 46

What are some things (6) myelo/lymphoproliferative DZs have in common?

Answer 46

``` Anemia Hypercellular marrow Leukemic cells Megaloblastic alterations in erythroid cells Thrombocytopenia Hepato/splenomegaly ```

Question 47

Types of histiocytic neoplasia

Answer 47

1. Histiocytic sarcoma - uncommon/malignant tumor 2. Cutaneous/systemic histiocytosis 3. Canine Cutaneous histiocytoma - benign 4. Feline progressive histiocytosis - dendritic cell origin

Question 48

[T/F] is it common to see histiocytic sarcomas in cats

Answer 48

FALSE - rare in cats, common in dogs

Question 49

Characteristics of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

Answer 49

Ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis; maturation of marrow cells not clearly neoplastic`

Question 50

Examples of MDS

Answer 50

Cats infected with Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV); Congenital dyserythropoiesis, dyskeratosis and progressive alopecia of Herefords