[T/F] Under normal circumstances only immature cells are released into the systemic circulation.
FALSE - only MATURE cells are released
When immature cells are released into the bone marrow, this indicates…? (2 things)
Stress or DZ
Name 4 abnormal hematology findings to examine the bone marrow.
- Unexplained cytopenias
- Maturation defects and morphologic abnormalities in blood cells
- Myeloproliferative/lymphoproliferative DZ
- Potential malignancies that are metastatic to MB
What are the main components of the hematopoietic system?
Bone marrow, blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and thymus/bursa
In the EMBRYO, where do the hematopoietic cells originate?
Yolk sac
What are the most common places for extra medullary hematopoiesis (EMH)?
- Spleen
2. Liver
How long does it take to form: Neutrophils, platelets and erythrocytes?
N: hours
P: days
E: months
What species of animal DOES NOT release reticulocytes into circulation even in situations of increase demand?
Horses
What are the 3 factors that control hematopoiesis?
Cytokines, hormones and growth factors
[T/F] Bone marrow act as a single tissue unit
TRUE - A sample of BM taken anywhere, represents the BM as a whole
How can you evaluate the BM samples?
Aspirates
What kind of bone marrow aspirates can be done?
Bone marrow smears and core biopsies
Bone marrow smears are evaluated by a _________ pathologist, while a core biopsy is evaluated by _________
First blank: Clinical
Second blank: Morphological
What is the Myeloid:Erythroid ratio in a normal bone marrow core biopsy?
1.5 : 1.0 ( M : E )
Color of BM in young animals is ____ and consistent throughout the bone
Red
[T/F] A young animal (5-6 months) cannot get serous atrophy of fat
FALSE - if the animal is starved or fed a poor quality feed, they can
What would serous atrophy of fat look like in a necropsy?
Jelly like, yellowish material that is replacing BM
What are the 3 causes of BM degeneration/necrosis that can interfere with hematopoiesis?
- Radiation
- Chemical, antineoplastic drugs
- Viral infections
BM necrosis and osteomyelitis may result in __________________
Pancytopenia
______________ osteomyelitis results in bacterial infections, while ___________ osteomyelitis results in fungal infections
First blank: Suppurative
Second blank: Granulomatous
What is the main inflammatory cell type you will see in a granulomatous infection?
Macrophages
_________ is an example of multifocal granulomatous osteomyelitis
Tuberculosis
[T/F] Cytauxozoonosis (cytauxozoon felis) is often fatal
TRUE - may occlude the lumina of vessels of certain organs (lung, brain, liver, lymph node and spleen)
What animal is the reservoir for cytauxzoonosis?
Bobcats
What are the 2 phases of cytauxzoonosis?
- Schizogenous phase
2. Erythrocytic phase
What does the first phase (_________ phase) of cytauxzoonosis cause?
Schizogenous phase; Systemic illness (via blocking/occluding)
What does the second phase (_________ phase) of cytauxzoonosis cause?
Erythrocytic phase; Anemia
What occurs during hypoplasia/atrophy of BM?
Decreased proliferative activity
Increase in yellow marrow and marrow degeneration
Give an example of hypoplasia/atrophy of BM
BM dmg secondary to feline panleukopenia virus infection
Myelophthisis and abnormality of hematopoietic cells results in __________
Pancytopenia
[T/F] Myelophthisis is when the myeloid tissue is being replaced by abnormal tissue
TRUE
Name the 2 types of myelophthisis:
- Myelofibrosis
2. Malignant neoplasia
What color is the BM during BM hyperplasia?
Red; the red marrow is replacing yellow marrow
When/how does BM hyperplasia occur?
- Decrease in cell #s in blood cause by increased peripheral demand (Chronic infections)
- Adequate #s of hypofunctional cells in peripheral blood (Cells are present but DO NOT work)
[T/F] BM hyperplasia results in decreased cell production in the marrow
FALSE - increased cell production!! Does it in response to poietins and interleukins
Define primary neoplasia
neoplastic transformation of cells normally found in the BM
Primary neoplasia can be divided into 2 categories. What are they? Which is more common?
- Lymphoproliferative DZ - more common
2. Myeloproliferative DZ
[T/F] Lymphoproliferative DZ occurs if neoplastic transformation is found in one or more non-lymphoid marrow cell lines. Myeloproliferative DZ occurs if BM and/or extramedullary neoplastic transformation of a lymphoid cell line.
FALSE - switch
Name 3 types of lymphoproliferative DZ
- Lymphoma
- Lymphoid leukemia
- Plasma cell tumors/neoplasia
Name 3 types of myeloproliferative DZ
- Myeloid leukemia
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
- Histiocytic neoplasms
Name the basic classification of leukemias (4 of them). Which of the 4 is uncommon? Which is rare?
CLL - Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (uncommon)
ALL - Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
CML - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (rare)
AML - Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Name 3 types of plasma cell tumors/neoplasia. Classify them as malignant/benign. Are they all rare?
- Multiple myeloma - malignant/rare
- Cutaneous plasmacytoma - benign/rare
- Extramedullary plasmacytoma - malignant/rare
How can you ID multiple myeloma in an X-Ray? Clinical signs?
X-Ray: Look for “punched out” appearance in radiographs of bone
CS: Lameness and pathological fractures
[T/F] Multiple myeloma may lead to hyper-viscosity syndrome
TRUE
Difference between acute/chronic myeloid leukemias?
Acute is fatal and affects young animals.
Chronic has a longer clinical course and the neoplastic cells are very well-differentiated
What are some things (6) myelo/lymphoproliferative DZs have in common?
Anemia Hypercellular marrow Leukemic cells Megaloblastic alterations in erythroid cells Thrombocytopenia Hepato/splenomegaly
Types of histiocytic neoplasia
- Histiocytic sarcoma - uncommon/malignant tumor
- Cutaneous/systemic histiocytosis
- Canine Cutaneous histiocytoma - benign
- Feline progressive histiocytosis - dendritic cell origin
[T/F] is it common to see histiocytic sarcomas in cats
FALSE - rare in cats, common in dogs
Characteristics of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
Ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis; maturation of marrow cells not clearly neoplastic`
Examples of MDS
Cats infected with Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV); Congenital dyserythropoiesis, dyskeratosis and progressive alopecia of Herefords