Heme 1,000ft View

Question 1

What is the normal pH (big picture)

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

Plasma is primary made up of what

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

Answer 3

Albumin (57%)

Question 4

What is albumin helping facilitate

Answer 4

Osmotic balance, needed for the transport of hormones/fats/meds, helps maintain intravascular volume

Question 5

What is pH

Answer 5

Number of circulating hydrogen ions

Control is needed to maintain integrity

Question 6

What is the equation for pH

Answer 6

HCO3-/pCO2

Question 7

What is acidosis?

Answer 7

Cause of increase in serum acidity (increase in circulating H+)

Question 8

What is alkalosis?

Answer 8

Cause of increase in serum alkalinity (decrease in circulating H+)

Question 9

What proteins are within plasma?

Answer 9

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins

Question 10

Where is albumin made?

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

What is a good protein marker on how the liver is functioning?

Answer 11

Albumin

Question 12

Why are RBC’s concave?

Answer 12

To increase surface area and to have flexability (flexy bendy)

Question 13

What is the lifespan of an RBC

Answer 13

120 days

Question 14

Hemoglobin binds to what for transportation?

Answer 14

O2 and CO2

Question 15

Where is iron stored for later use?

Answer 15

In Ferritin, primarily in the liver

Question 16

What is hemochromatosis

Answer 16

Too much iron due to HFE gene (homeostatic iron regulator) regulation, iron overload and tissue damage

Question 17

What is produced and regulated by the kidneys based on O2 levels (hypoxia)

Answer 17

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 18

EPO can be used to determine

Answer 18

Red Marrow Function

Question 19

If there is low B12 what anemia type will result

Answer 19

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 20

What is folate needed for

Answer 20

DNA synthesis during erythropoiesis

Question 21

What cell type bursts to create platelets?

Answer 21

Megakaryocyte

Question 22

Are platelets a cell?

Answer 22

No, they are anuclear cytoplasmic fragments

Question 23

What is the life span of a platelet and why is it important

Answer 23

8-11 days, important due to medications

Question 24

What is broken down into bilirubin

Answer 24

Porphyrin proteins

Question 25

What three things do you need in order to maintain blood hemostasis?

Answer 25

Endothelium Coagulation proteins Platelets

Question 26

What electrolyte is vital to every step of clotting?

Answer 26

Calcium

Question 27

How long does it take a platelet plug to form?

Answer 27

3-5 minutes

Question 28

What is Factor IIa?

Answer 28

Thrombin

Question 29

What is Factor 1?

Answer 29

Fibrinogen

Question 30

What is the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade activated by?

Answer 30

Tissue Factor

Question 31

What is factor II?

Answer 31

Prothrombin

Question 32

What is mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Answer 32

How much hemoglobin is within one RBC

Question 33

What is the measurement of hemoglobin

Answer 33

Concentration of Hgb in the blood which indicates oxygen carrying capacity (low levels indicate anemia)

Question 34

What is the measurement of hematocrit

Answer 34

Indirect measurement of number of RBCs, percentage of RBCs in the total blood volume

Question 35

When assessing clotting time, a blue top tube used because it contains

Answer 35

Sodium citrate, which will chelates calcium to stop clotting (then calcium can be added back to run test)

Question 36

What does a D-Dimer measure for?

Answer 36

Breakdown (fibrinolysis) of the fibrin mesh

Question 37

What is the function of water in the plasma?

Answer 37

Carrying liquid

Question 38

What is the function of electrolytes in plasma?

Answer 38

Assists with cellular function (Ca2+ in particular helps with clot formation) Maintains pH, acts as a buffer Cellular membrane excitability

Question 39

What is the function of proteins in plasma?

Answer 39

Buffers, maintains osmotic pressure, clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, hormones...

Question 40

What is the function of gases in plasma?

Answer 40

By product from HCO3, buffer Oxygenation By-product of protein breakdown

Question 41

What is the function of nutrients in the plasma?

Answer 41

Nutrition for cellular function and tissue repair

Question 42

What waste component results from protein catabolism?

Answer 42

Urea

Question 43

What waste component results from energy metabolism?

Answer 43

Uric acid

Question 44

What does a Prolonged PT (INR) with a normal PTT indicate?

Answer 44

Warfarin, DIC, liver disease, vitamin K deficiemcy, inherited factor VII deficiency

Question 45

Normal PT (INR) with prolonged PTT indicate?

Answer 45

Heparin, dabigatron (Xa inhibitors), von Willebrand disease, inherited VIII, IX, or I deficiency

Question 46

What does a prolonged PT with prolonged PTT indicate?

Answer 46

Inherited factor V or X deficiency, liver disease, DIC vitamin K deficiency, supratherapeutic warfarin