Heme/Labs

Question 1

Too Few Cellular Elements are Named with the Suffix

Answer 1

Cytopenias

Question 2

Too Many Cellular Element are Named with the Suffix:

Answer 2

Cytoses

Question 3

Erythrocytopenia is Generally Called?

Answer 3

Anemia

Question 4

what is an anemia

Answer 4

is a sign, not a disease, and as such, it may be the first indication of many other diseases and conditions from nutritional deficiencies to genetic abnormalities, from connective tissue diseases to a GI Bleeding

Question 5

Anemias can range in terms from various signs such as?

Answer 5

may be a just a laboratory abnormality with no symptoms or it may be so severe that it is life-threatening

Question 6

Erythrocytosis is Generally Associated with?

Answer 6

Chronic Hypoxia such as in COPD, Smoking or Living at High Altitudes

Question 7

Isolated Erythrocytosis is almost always?

Answer 7

Secondary to chronic hypoxia, COPD, Smoking or Living at high altitudes

Question 8

Erythrocytosis Associated with Other “Cytoses” are Generally Associated with?

Answer 8

Myeloproliferative Syndromes such as Polycythemia vera

Question 9

Leukopenia’s May Be Primarily Due to?

Answer 9

Marrow Failure as might be seen in Myelodysplastic syndromes

Question 10

Leukopenia’s may also be caused by?

Answer 10

Drugs, Infections, Cancers or Connective Tissue disorders

Question 11

Leukocytosis may be primarily caused by?

Answer 11

myeloproliferative disorders or acute or chronic leukemias

Question 12

Leukocytosis may be secondary to?

Leukocytosis is defined as how many WBC?

Answer 12

drugs, infections, Cancers or inflammatory conditions

Defined as WBC>10,000

Question 13

Neutrophilic leukocytosis is called what

Answer 13

neutrophilia or granulocytosis

Question 14

Lymphocytic Leukocytosis`

Answer 14

Lymphocytosis

Question 15

Eosinophilic Leukocytosis

Answer 15

eosinophilia

Question 16

Monocytic Leukocytosis

Answer 16

monocytosis

Question 17

Basophilic Leukocytosis

Answer 17

Basophilia

Question 18

What is the first step you should do after identifying Leukocytosis

Answer 18

Check Peripheral smear

Question 19

RBC count measures?

Answer 19

of circulating RBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral venous blood

Question 20

Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures?

Answer 20

Measure of the total amount of Hgb in an aliquot of peripheral blood; used as a rapid indirect measurement of the total body RBC count

Question 21

Hematocrit measures?

Answer 21

Measure of % of RBCs per blood volume; used as an indirect measurement of total body RBC mass

Question 22

Mean Corpuscular Volume measures?

Answer 22

Measurement of the average volume (size) of a RBC

Question 23

Platelet Count

Answer 23

of platelets per cubic mm of blood

Question 24

Reticulocyte Count

(Important) measures

Answer 24

Young, immature, non-nucleated RBCs
Indication of RBC production by bone marrow.
For the level to be meaningful it must be viewed in relation to the total number of erythrocytes (absolute reticulocyte count = % reticulocytes x erythrocyte count)

Question 25

What is a Rouleaux Formation?

Answer 25

Are RBC’s that are stacked together. This would cause a RBC count to be low and could only be revealed by microscopy. So microscopy is important in helping to diagnose the condition that is causing the CBC abnormality.

Question 26

what is a Microcytic Hypochromic anemia?

Answer 26

RBC’s are smaller than normal (microcytic) and with increased zone of central pallor (hypochromic-less Hgb)

Question 27

What is a Macrocytic anemia with hyper-segmented neutrophils

Answer 27

RBCs increased in size (macrocytic) and neutrophil with more lobes (hypersegmented) than norm of 3-4 lobes. Findingds Indicative of Megaloblastic anemias commonly due to folate or B12 deficiencies

Question 28

Anisocytosis

Answer 28

variation of the size of RBC's

Question 29

Poikilocytosis

Answer 29

Variation of the shape of RBC's

Question 30

Shistocytes

Answer 30

Fragment RBC, which are indicative of a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)

Question 31

Howell-Jolly Body

Answer 31

RBC that contains several Howell-Jolly bodies or inclusions of nuclear chromatin remnants. Would be seen in a patient who is lacking a spleen

Question 32

Basophilic Stippling

Answer 32

in which erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery. The dots are ribosomes and can often be found in the peripheral blood smear. suggesting toxic injury to the bone marrow (ex. Lead poisoning,hemolysis,thalasesemia) or severe anemia (magaloblastic anemia) contain RNA

Question 33

Acanthocytes are associated with

Answer 33

(spur cells) Severe liver disease, malnutrition

Question 34

Bite cells or blister cells are associated with

Answer 34

G6PD deficiency

Question 35

Basophilic stippling is associated with

Answer 35

Hemolysis, Lead poisoning, thalassemia

Question 36

Echinocytes or burr cells are associated with

Answer 36

Renal failure

Question 37

Rouleaux is associated with

Answer 37

multiple myeloma

Question 38

Shistocytes and fragmented RBC's are associated with

Answer 38

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, DIC, Vasculitis, malignant HTN, Eclampsia

Question 39

Stomatocytes are associated with

Answer 39

alcoholism, hereditary stomatocytosis

Question 40

Target cells are associated with

Answer 40

thalassemia, hemoglobins C,D,E and S, Liver disease

Question 41

Teardrop cells are associated with

Answer 41

myelofibrosis, myelophthisis-bone marrow infiltration by neoplastic cells

Question 42

Reactive lymphocytes are associated with

Answer 42

viral infections

Question 43

hypersegmented neutrophils are associated with

Answer 43

Pernicious anemia

Question 44

Microcytic- low MCV are associated with

Answer 44

-Advanced Iron deficiency anemia -Thalassemia Trait Sideroblastic anemia Lead Poisoning -Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation

Question 45

Normocytic- Norm MCV are associated with

Answer 45

-bone marrow aplasia/hypoplasia -Renal/Liver disease Myelofibrosis -Myelodysplasia -Hemolytic Anemia -Hemorrhagic anemia -Chronic disease/inflammation

Question 46

Macrocytic-High MCV are associated with

Answer 46

- B12 Deficiency - Folate Deficiency - Prior cancer or Chemo - Myelodysplasia - Hypothyroidism - Liver Disease

Question 47

What is the function of Neutrophils?

Answer 47

Engulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substances

Question 48

What is the function of Lymphocytes?

Answer 48

Some destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes to rupture; some develop into cells that produce antibodies targeting specific foreign substances

Question 49

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 49

Monocytes: Give rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large bacteria and substances

Question 50

what is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 50

Attack parasites; limit inflammation associated with allergic reactions

Question 51

what is the function of basophils?

Answer 51

Release histamines that cause inflammation; release anticoagulants, which prevent blood clots