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BIOL 304 > Hemichordata and Chordata > Flashcards

Hemichordata and Chordata Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two phyla covered in this lecture?

A

Hemichordata and Chordata

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2
Q

What are the three subphyla of Chordata?

A

Urochordata (Tunicates), Cephalochordata (Lancelets), Vertebrata

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3
Q

What are the two classes of Hemichordata and their proportions?

A

Enteropneusta (80%), Pterobranchia (20%)

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4
Q

What are key traits of Enteropneusta?

A

Acorn worms, 1mm–2m, burrowers, deposit feeders

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5
Q

What are key traits of Pterobranchia?

A

Colonial, tube-dwelling, suspension feeders, only longitudinal muscles, U-shaped gut

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6
Q

What are the classes under Cephalochordata?

A

Leptocardii

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7
Q

What are the classes under Urochordata?

A

Ascidiaec, Appendicularia

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8
Q

What are major classes within Vertebrata?

A

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

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9
Q

What unique structure do Hemichordates have that’s similar to the notochord?

A

Stomochord

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10
Q

How do Hemichordates respire?

A

Through pharyngeal gill slits

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11
Q

What kind of circulatory system do Hemichordates have?

A

Open circulatory system with a heart disconnected from the system

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12
Q

What six main features define chordates?

A

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, endo/exoskeleton, eucoelomate

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13
Q

What do gill slits become in tetrapods?

A

Ear components, tonsils, thymus

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14
Q

What kind of skeleton do vertebrates have?

A

Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage

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15
Q

What kind of skeleton does Hemichordata have?

A

Hydrostatic

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16
Q

What type of muscles do Pterobranchs possess?

A

Longitudinal only

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17
Q

How does respiration occur in Cephalochordata?

A

Through metapleural folds and gills

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18
Q

What type of circulatory system do Cephalochordates have?

A

Closed system without oxygen-carrying pigments

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19
Q

What is the function of the wheel organ in Cephalochordates?

A

Transports food to the mouth during suspension feeding

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20
Q

What is tunicin and where is it found?

A

A cellulose-like polymer in the exoskeleton of tunicates

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21
Q

What’s unique about tunicate heart function?

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A

It reverses direction periodically

22
Q

What is the larval form of Urochordates like?

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A

Mobile, tadpole-like, with notochord and nerve cord

23
Q

What is a Stomochord?

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A

A flexible, rod-like structure in Hemichordates located in the proboscis, once thought homologous to the notochord but now considered distinct.

24
Q

What are Pharyngeal gill slits?

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A

Openings in the pharynx that allow water to exit after passing over gills; a shared feature of all chordates at some stage of development.

25
What is the Proboscis in Hemichordates?
The anterior-most body region used for burrowing and feeding.
26
Define the Collar in Hemichordates.
The middle body region that often contains parts of the nervous system and feeding apparatus.
27
What is the Trunk in Hemichordates?
The posterior region of the Hemichordate body, containing the digestive and reproductive organs.
28
Define Glomerulus in Hemichordates.
A specialized excretory organ involved in filtering waste from the blood.
29
What is an Endoskeleton?
An internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage, found in vertebrates.
30
What is a Notochord?
A flexible, rod-shaped structure that provides support in all chordate embryos and some adults.
31
What is a Dorsal nerve cord?
A hollow nerve cord located on the dorsal side of chordates; it develops into the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
32
What is a Post-anal tail?
A tail that extends beyond the anus, present in all chordates at some stage of development.
33
Define Metapleural folds.
Paired lateral body folds in Cephalochordates, used for gas exchange.
34
What are Protonephridia?
Excretory structures in some invertebrates, including Cephalochordates, consisting of tubules with ciliated cells that filter waste.
35
What is Tunicin?
A cellulose-like polysaccharide found in the outer tunic of tunicates, forming a protective exoskeleton.
36
What is a Buccal siphon?
The incurrent opening in tunicates through which water enters the body for filter feeding.
37
What is an Atrial siphon?
The excurrent opening in tunicates through which filtered water exits the body.
38
Define Pharyngeal basket.
A ciliated, sieve-like structure in tunicates that captures food particles from water as it passes through the gill slits.
39
What are Oral tentacles?
Tentacle-like structures around the mouth of tunicates that sort and prevent large particles from entering the pharynx.
40
What is a Wheel organ?
A ciliated structure in Cephalochordates that generates water currents to transport food toward the mouth.
41
What are Buccal cirri?
Slender, tentacle-like projections surrounding the mouth of Cephalochordates that act as a selective barrier to large particles.
42
What are Velar tentacles?
Ciliated structures near the velum in Cephalochordates that help sort food particles entering the pharynx.
43
What is the Atrium in Cephalochordates and Tunicates?
A chamber surrounding the pharynx where water collects before exiting through the atrial siphon.
44
What are Myotomes?
Segmented blocks of skeletal muscle in Cephalochordates that enable undulating locomotion.
45
What is the Caudal fin in Cephalochordates?
A tail fin located posteriorly, aiding in swimming but not homologous to fish fins.
46
What are Renal vesicles?
Excretory structures in tunicates responsible for waste elimination via diffusion.
47
What is the Tunicate tunic?
The outer body covering of tunicates, made of tunicin and living tissues including amebocytes and blood vessels.
48
What is the Nerve cord?
A hollow dorsal structure in chordates that develops into the central nervous system in vertebrates.
49
What is a Vertebral column?
A series of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae that replace the notochord in vertebrates for structural support.
50
Define Ganglia.
Clusters of nerve cell bodies found in the nervous system of Hemichordates and other invertebrates.

BIOL 304 (3 decks)

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