Hemoglobin

Question 1

It is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returning carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

Answer 1

Hemoglobin

Question 2

Hemoglobin is a _____ protein made up of ____ polypeptide chains

& are organized in a ______ structure, which is the arrangement of the four subunits.

Answer 2

• Globular protein
• 4 polypeptide chains
• quarternary structure

Question 3

It describes how increased CO₂ and decreased pH

reduce hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Answer 3

Bohr Effect

Question 4

Main goal of Bohr Effect

Answer 4

Maximize
O2 dropoff
And CO2 pick up

Question 5

It describes how oxygenation of blood decreases its ability to carry carbon dioxide

Answer 5

Haldane Effect

Question 6

Haldane Effect:

________: CO2 will bind to HB easily
________: CO2 released in the lungs

Answer 6

• low O2 level
• high O2 level

Question 7

Cells required and make energy

Answer 7

Respiring cells

Question 8

Glucose + O2 = ______ = ___

Answer 8

• H2O CO2 (waste products)
• ATP (main result)

Question 9

• Glucose+O2= H2O= ATP
• Glucose= H2O= ATP
• high CO2 , low O2

Answer 9

after transfer of CO2 to bloodstream

Question 10

CO2+H2O = ?

Answer 10

Carbonic Anhydrase (carbonic acid)

Question 11

O2 will go to tissues through concentration gradient

Answer 11

Free floating

Question 12

O2 Dissociation Curve

• x-axis: ?
• y-axis: ?

Answer 12

• pO2 (mmHg)
• HB Sat (%)

Question 13

S-shape:

Answer 13

O2 at low level

Question 14

P50 is ?

P50= ?

Answer 14

*partial pressure of O2

*27 (mmHg)

Question 15

Flat area

Answer 15

Plateau

Question 16

any availability of O2 there is a corresponding saturation of hemoglobin

Answer 16

Sigmoid Curve

Question 17

CADET meaning

Answer 17

C = CO2
A = Acidosis
D = 23 DOG (product of glycolysis)
E = Elevation
T = Temperature

Question 18

• It measures the total amount of oxygen carried in the blood
• a critical value in assessing a patient’s oxygenation status

Answer 18

Tota O2 Content

Question 19

provides a more complete picture of oxygen availability in the body

compared to just looking at partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) or oxygen saturation (SaO₂)

Answer 19

Comprehensive O2 Assessment

Question 20

⬇Cardiac output & ⬇hemoglobin level
= ?

Answer 20

Anemia

Question 21

refers to the volume of air that is inhaled but does not participate in gas exchange

because it either remains in the conducting airways
or
reaches areas of the lungs that are not adequately perfused.

Answer 21

Dead Space Ventilation / Wasted Ventilation

Question 22

Air that remains in the conducting airways (example:trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) where no gas exchange occurs.

Pathway: 150 mL (average adult)

Answer 22

Anatomical Dead Space

Question 23

Air that reaches the alveoli, but
gas exchange does not occur because the alveoli are not perfused with blood.

PE: blood clot (V/Q ratio)

Answer 23

Alveolar Dead Space

Question 24

The total dead space in the lungs, which includes both anatomical and alveolar dead space.

Answer 24

Physiologic Dead Space

Question 25

non-invasive tool **used to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in exhaled air** which provides information about dead space ventilation.

Answer 25

Capnography

Question 26

The amount of CO₂ at the end of an exhaled breath - MOST IMPORTANT

Answer 26

End-Tidal CO2 (ETCO)

Question 27

Increased PaCO2- should increase _________ permissive hyperventilation

Answer 27

Increase RR