hemostasis

Question 1

what is homeostasis

Answer 1

stopping bleeding - homeostasis is the process that stops bleeding when blood vessel walls are damaged
maintaining circulatory integrity - haemostats ensures the integrity of the circulatory system by preventing excessive blood loss
complex series of events - haemostats involves a complex series that lead to the formation of a stable blood clot
blood clot formation - the process of blood clot formation is a crucial part of haemostats, which stops bleeding and maintains the integrity of the circulatory system

Question 2

steps involved in hemostasis

Answer 2

vessel constriction
platelet plug formation
coagulation cascade
fibrin clot formation

Question 3

vessel constriction

Answer 3

The first step in haemostasis is vessel constriction, where the blood vessels immediately constrict or narrow in response to injury. This helps to reduce blood flow and slow the bleeding

Question 4

platelet plug formation

Answer 4

Next, platelets begin to adhere to the site of injury and aggregate to form a temporary platelet plug. The platelets release chemical signals that activate the coagulation cascade.

Question 5

coagulation cascade

Answer 5

The coagulation cascade is a series of enzymatic reactions that lead to the formation of fibrin, a insoluble protein that forms a mesh-like clot to stabilize the platelet plug.

Question 6

fibrin clot formation

Answer 6

The final step is the formation of a stable fibrin clot. The fibrin strands crosslink and trap red blood cells, forming a solid clot that seals the wound and prevents further bleeding.

Question 7

vascular constriction

Answer 7

vascular injury
vasospasm
sustained vasoconstriction

Question 8

vascular injury

Answer 8

when the blood vessel in injured, the smooth muscle in the vessel walls is stimulated to constrict

Question 9

vasospasm

Answer 9

the initial reflex contraction occurs, narrowing the blood vessel to reduce blood flow and limit blood loss

Question 10

sustained vasoconstriction

Answer 10

The combination of vascular spasm and the release of chemical signals continues to maintain vessel constriction until a stable clot is formed.

Question 11

platelet plug formation

Answer 11

injury to blood vessel
platelet adhesion
platelet aggregation
platelet activation
platelet plug formation

Question 12

injury to the blood vessel

Answer 12

When a blood vessel is injured, the endothelial cells lining the vessel release chemicals that trigger the activation of platelets.

Question 13

platelet adhesion

Answer 13

Activated platelets adhere to the site of injury, forming a temporary plug to stop the bleeding. This is facilitated by the interaction between platelet receptors and proteins exposed in the damaged vessel wall.

Question 14

platelet aggregation

Answer 14

the adhered platelets release additional chemicals that attract more platelets to the site, causing them to aggregate and form a growing plug to seal the injured vessel

Question 15

platelet activation

Answer 15

activated platelets become further activates, changing shape and releasing the contents of their granules, which help to stabilise the platelet plug and initiate the clotting process

Question 16

platelet plug formation

Answer 16

the final result is a platelet plug that seals the injured vessel and prevents further blood loss, allowing the body to begin the process of of repairing the damaged tissue

Question 17

disorders of haemostats

Answer 17

platelet disorders
coagulation disorders
vascular disorders
anticoagulant disorders

Question 18

platelet disorders

Answer 18

related to the production, function or destruction of platelets, leading to abnormal bleeding or clotting

Question 19

coagulation disorders

Answer 19

disorders affecting the proteins in the blood clotting process, resulting in impaired haemostasis

Question 20

vascular disorders

Answer 20

including structural and functional abnormalities that can impact haemostasis

Question 21

anticoagulant disorders

Answer 21

disorders involving the overproduction or dysfunction of anticoagulant proteins, leading to an increased risk of bleeding

Question 22

platelet disorders

Answer 22

condition whether the platelet count is lower than normal, leading to increased risk of bleeding

Question 23

thrombocytosis

Answer 23

platelet count is higher than normal, increasing the risk of blood clots

Question 24

platelet function disorders

Answer 24

conditions whether platelets are unable to function, despite normal platelet count

Question 25

immune thrombocytopenia purpura

Answer 25

autoimmune disorder where the body's own immune system attacks and destroys platelets

Question 26

coagulation disorders

Answer 26

haemophilia von willebrand disease disseminated intravascular coagulation antiphospholipids syndrome

Question 27

haemophilia

Answer 27

genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to control blood clotting, leading to excessive bleeding

Question 28

von willebrand disease

Answer 28

Most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, a protein involved in blood clotting.

Question 29

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer 29

Serious condition where blood clots form throughout the body, leading to excessive bleeding and organ damage.

Question 30

antiphospholipid syndrome

Answer 30

Autoimmune disorder that increases the risk of abnormal blood clots, potentially leading to stroke, heart attack, or pregnancy complications.

Question 31

vascular disorders

Answer 31

atherosclerosis aneurysm varicose veins deep vein thrombosis

Question 32

atherosclerosis

Answer 32

Build-up of plaque in the arteries, leading to restricted blood flow and increased risk of heart attack or stroke.

Question 33

aneurysm

Answer 33

Weakening and bulging of the arterial wall, which can lead to rupture and internal bleeding.

Question 34

varicose veins

Answer 34

swollen, twisted veins, often found in the legs caused, caused by the valves in the veins not functioning properly

Question 35

deep vein thrombosis

Answer 35

Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, typically in the leg, which can potentially dislodge and travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).

Question 36

anticoagulant disorders

Answer 36

thrombophilia factor V leiden protein c and protein s deficiency antiphospholipid syndrome

Question 37

thrombophilia

Answer 37

Inherited or acquired conditions that increase the risk of abnormal blood clot formation

Question 38

factor V leiden

Answer 38

The most common inherited thrombophilia, caused by a mutation in the Factor V gene

Question 39

protein c and protein s deficiency

Answer 39

Rare genetic disorders that impair the body's natural anticoagulant system

Question 40

antiphospholipid syndrome

Answer 40

An autoimmune disorder that increases the risk of blood clots and pregnancy complications

Question 41

factors affecting haemostasis

Answer 41

platelet function coagulation cascade anticoagulant mechanisms vascular integrity hormonal influences

Question 42

platelet function

Answer 42

Platelets play a crucial role in the initial response to vascular injury, adhering to the site of damage and aggregating to form a platelet plug.

Question 43

coagulation cascade

Answer 43

The coagulation cascade involves a series of enzymatic reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a fibrin clot, stabilizing the platelet plug

Question 44

anticoagulant mechanisms

Answer 44

Regulatory mechanisms, such as the protein C system and antithrombin III, help control and limit the coagulation process to prevent excessive clot formation.

Question 45

vascular integrity

Answer 45

The integrity and health of the vascular endothelium, which lines the blood vessels, can influence hemostasis by regulating the balance between pro- and anti-coagulant factors.

Question 46

hormonal influences

Answer 46

Hormonal changes, such as fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels, can affect the expression of coagulation factors and the overall hemostatic balance.

Question 47

patients at risk for bleeding

Answer 47

patients on anticoagulants liver disease thrombocytopenia renal impairment trauma or surgery

Question 48

patients on anticoagulants

Answer 48

Individuals taking medications like warfarin, heparin, or direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are at increased risk of bleeding complications.

Question 49

liver disease

Answer 49

Patients with liver dysfunction may have impaired clotting factor production, leading to a higher bleeding tendency.

Question 50

thrombocytopenia

Answer 50

A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can result in impaired clot formation and increased bleeding risk.

Question 51

renal impairment

Answer 51

Individuals with kidney disease or failure may have altered drug metabolism and clearance, increasing the risk of bleeding.

Question 52

trauma or surgery

Answer 52

Patients who have recently experienced physical trauma or undergone surgical procedures are at higher risk of bleeding complications.

Question 53

drugs influencing haemostasis

Answer 53

anticoagulants antiplatelet agents fribinolytic agents haemophilia treatment

Question 54

anticoagulants

Answer 54

Drugs that inhibit the blood clotting process, such as warfarin, heparin, and direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs)

Question 55

antiplatelet agents

Answer 55

Drugs that prevent platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, like aspirin, clopidogrel, and ticagrelor

Question 56

fribinolytic agents

Answer 56

Drugs that dissolve existing blood clots, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and streptokinase

Question 57

haemophilia

Answer 57

Drugs that replace or enhance deficient clotting factors in individuals with haemophilia, including factor VIII and IX concentrates