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Henry 8th-consolidstiom Of Power+domestic Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Henry 8ths background before he became king?

A

-he was seen as a spare rather than heir
-he had no training to be king
-inherited lots of money from his father
-well educated
-had no responsibility as a child

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2
Q

What were Henry’s priorities when he became king?

A

-needed to marry cath of Aragon for alliance w Spain
-needed to re establish role of nobility
-needed to be a warrior king through battle

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3
Q

What was Henry like when it came to ruling?

A

-only cared about decisions of it interested him
-he didn’t like reading documents and preferred to spend time w friends
-he ruled though his council and ministered rather than directly

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4
Q

Which of his fathers ministers did Henry keep?

A

-Thomas Lovell as chancellor
-bishop fox as lord privy seal
-archbishop warham as chancellor

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5
Q

How did Henry begin to control his nobility?
Bonds?
Arrests and Councils?
Executions?

A

-did gestures of goodwill eg cancelling 175 bonds and recognisances
-arrested empson Dudley and abolished council learned in law
-executed Duke of Buckingham in 1521 after he spoke about succession

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6
Q

How did Henry establish himself as a warrior king?

A

-spent lots of money on campaigns to gain land in France in 1511 and 1513
-spent nearly all his fathers money in first few years of reign
-promised the nobility military glory

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7
Q

What was Henry’s govt like in 1509-14?
-type of govt?
-appointments?
-his friends in court?

A

-conciliar govt at first but then got annoyed w old councillors trying to stop him going to war
-William warham appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
-Henry was impressed with wolseys organisational skill and wanted him to organise foreign policy
- his ‘minions’ were his young courtiers who also wanted to go to war

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8
Q

What was Henry’s govt like?
Ministers?
-foreign affairs?
-appointments?

A

-depended on individual ministers eg Wolsey
-he got bored easily and only cared about foreign affairs
-he appointed his council+ministers who he allowed to have the role of chief executive when it suited.

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9
Q

Henry’s early parliament:
Sessions attended?
War costs?
Money granted?
Clash with clergy?

A

-Attended 19/27 sessions-important
-war was costing him 100k a year-demands for subsidies was high
-parliament granted him 160k however only 50k was collected so grants were made to get the rest
-Richard hunne was arrested for heresy-clashed with a clergyman-found hanging and declared a suicide but it was thought to be murder
-clerics found guilty of praemunire-undermining kings authority

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10
Q

Privy chamber in Henry’s rule:
Change of no of people in chamber?
People involved in privy chamber?
Forging signature?
Groom of stool?

A

-6 people in the chamber
-wanted to be surrounded by friends but they fed him immature ideas- now number raised to 20
-profitable to be part of privy chamber-eg William Bereton groom of privy chamber -got 1000 a year
-he got tired of signing papers so chief gentlemen of the camber Anthony Denny could forge his signature
-groom of the stool William Compton-could feed Henry ideas- he got nearly £18k in 1st year

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11
Q

Henry’s council:
Old councillors?
Conciliar govt?
Who spoke on behalf of parliament?
Pleasing king?

A

-he kept most his fathers old councillors
-he gave his councillors more freedom than his father
-this concilliar gotv made court attendance decline and he was stuck in privy chamber w friends
-Richard fox(lord privy seal)spoke to king on behalf of parliament
-Henry’s friends encouraged him to go to war
-people like Wolsey were willing to do anything to please king

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12
Q

What did Ministers do in Henry’s era:
Eg of promotion of minister

A

-they advised him in creating policy
-he was willing to promote people who were willing to do things at his pleasure rather than skill
eg Henry marney who was appointed captain of the guard-now one of richest office holders

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13
Q

Who was Thomas Wolsey?

A

-son of Butcher-commoner
-highly intelligent-Oxford scholarship
-made papal legate by Pope Leo X
-had enemies eg Duke of Norfolk who saw him as arrogant
-had a reputation for taking revenge

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14
Q

What did Wolsey change about Henry’s govt in 1515-29?
New courts?
Poor people in court?

A

-responsible for legal work- created new courts eg court of star chamber and court of requests
-legal fees meant was hard for poor people to win-he moved them to ster chamber or requests so it was fair
-made sure rich didn’t gain advantage in courts
-strengthened the star chamber and encouraged it to hear cases of misconduct by nobility-wasn’t afraid to prosecute nobility

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15
Q

What happened with Wolsey and the financial system?

A

-introduced new tax system called ‘Tudor subsidy’ in 1512 which was based on people’s income rather than property-still around today
-1522 he ordered a national survey to see how people could pay taxes which was 1st time since domesday book
-demanded forced loans up to 200,000-however was inefficient and had to summon parliament in 1523 for extra funds to be granted

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16
Q

What was the amicable grant 1523?

A

-Wolsey asked parliament for 800k for Henry’s wars however by 1525 only got 300k so had to ask church for extra
-this grant taxed laity clergy and ordinary people which provoked opposition so Henry had to step in and cancel the grant

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17
Q

What were the Eltham ordinances 1526?

A

-when Wolsey tried to reduce costs of the royal household
-this meant he could rely less on parliament for extra funds
-also saw an opportunity to reduce power and influence of people in privy chamber(minions)

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18
Q

What was wolseys relationship like with the nobility?

A

-Wolsey knew the nobility was essential for efficient and effective govt
-control of nobility had decreased since Henry 7th death
-Wolsey clashed most with Duke of Buckingham-1920 executed after was accused of questioning king

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19
Q

What were wolseys church reforms 1515-29?
Abuses of power?
Schools?
Monasteries?
Henry’s book?

A

-adressed abuses in people
-planed to fund new school to cardinals-money given for education of monks and priests
-attempted to address problems w inefficient monasteries across the country-20 closed in 1528-had less than 6 monks living there
-he encouraged Henry’s to write a book and pope gave him title of ‘defender of the faith’

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20
Q

Why was Wolsey removed from power? Reason 1- alienation of nobility:
Enemies?

A

-he created enemies eg Duke of Norfolk
-Norfolk was powerful-had a seat on most local govt in England

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21
Q

Why was Wolsey removed from power? Reason 2- failure to secure annulment to Henry’s marriage w Catherine
Scripture diplomacy?
Proceedings and campeggio?
Blackfriars?

A

-Wolsey attempted to use scripture to justify annulment-said Henry’s marriage wasn’t valid
-that failed so he then used diplomacy-however pope and HRE had been captured
-he tried to have proceedings in England so he would have a more direct say-pope agreed but sent campeggio with instructions to delay the hearing so no clear conclusions
-court met in Blackfriars 1529 and cath refused to recognise it and it was moved to Rome

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22
Q

What did Thomas more do?
-role?
-sympathies?
-book?
-arrest?

A

-replaced Wolsey as key minister in 1529 but was less keen to follow Henry as he was sympathetic to cath of Aragon
-he wrote ‘utopia’ and thought the church could reform by persuasion rather than drastic change
-arrested in 1534 Agter refusing to swear an oath of loyalty which accepted annulment

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23
Q

What did Thomas Cranmer do?

A

-archbishop of Canterbury after break with Rome
-helped to enact Protestant changes
-called himself reformer rather than Protestant
-executed by Mary 1556

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24
Q

About Thomas Cromwell:

A

-Was Henry’s principal minister after Thomas more
-was executed in 1540 for not enacting act of 6 articles fast enough
-people call him architect of break with Rome as he was Henry’s close advisor

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25
Examples of pressures on the church to reform? -attacking corrupt church? -Henry’s book? -royal authority is stronger than gods book?
-Simon fish wrote ‘supplication of the beggars’ 1529 which attacked church and protested them as greedy and corrupt -Henry wrote ‘defence of 7 sacraments’ which showed support for the pope- got title ‘defender of the faith’ -William Tyndale published ‘the obedience of the Christian man’ 1528 which said royal authority is stronger than gods
26
How effective were the strategies to encourage reform? -spread of Protestant ideas: Encouraging criticism? Bible? New appointments? Preachers?
-from 1929 Henry encouraged criticism of the pope and clergy to support break with Rome -William tyndale translated bible into English -appointed Hugh Latimer and others to empty bishop roles -church was now in reformist control- Thomas Cranmer as archbishop -preachers eg Robert Barnes spread ideas
27
How did the govt promote support for break w Rome though new articles and books?
-10 articles issued 1536- contained Lutheran ideas but also catholic eg dead would be prayed for -the articles were lssued with 2 sets of injunctions which ordered clergy to follow them -bishops book published 1537 to tell bishops how to act and to stop abuses in the church -1537 1st official translation of bible into English was published and every parish had to have one
28
What was the 1532 1st act of Annates?
Banned payments of Annates (money) to Rome
29
What was the act in restraint of appeals to Rome 1533?
Transferee papal powers to the king so he was ‘supreme head of the church’
30
What was the 2nd act of Annates 1533?
Enforced the first act that had been suspended and church positions were to be given by the king not pope
31
What was the act of supremacy?
All the clergy had to say an oath to accept Henry as supreme head of the church
32
What was the treason act?
Listed all the crimes for which you would be accused of treason
33
What was the first act of fruits and tenths?
Church taxes would now go to the king not pope
34
What happened in the 1536 act of dissolution of monasteries?
Smaller monasteries under £200 income closed
35
What was the act of 10 articles?
The 7 sacraments of the Catholic Church were rejected leaving only 3 behind
36
What was said in the frist 1537 bishops book?
No discussion of transubstanciation,role of mass was ignored, encouraged abandonment of pilgrimages
37
What did the the 1538 royal injunctions state?
Instructed all parishes to have an English bible within 2 years and worshipped objects were removed
38
What was the second act of 6 articles 1539?
Re established parts of Catholicism like transubstanciation and private masses
39
What happened in the act for the dissolution of larger monasteries?
All remaining monasteries were closed and their land was passed to the crowns
40
How did act in restraints of appeals 1533 secure the break with Rome?
-ended appeals to Rome so they went to the English church courts instead -allowed Cranmer to open his court at Dunstable to talk about the legitimacy of the marriage -clarified the royal supremacy for the first time
41
How do the act of dispensations secure break w Rome?
Stopped all payments to Rome therefore law would be issued by Archbishop of Canterbury not Rome
42
How did the act of succession 1534 secure the break w Rome?
Registered the invalidity of Henry’s marriage to Catherine and validity of his marriage to Anne
43
Who was Thomas cromwelll?
-son of a blacksmith -became Henry’s principal secretary and then vicegerent and oversaw the dissolution of monasteries -executed in 1540 for treason
44
How did Cromwell serve the king??
-he made Henry believe there was a solution to his ‘great matter’ -his first major office was master of the kings jewels -temporarily replaced Stephen gardiner as principal minister and was kept
45
What is the difference between king in and king and parliament ?
-king in parliament is where the king is very involved with parliament whereas king and parliament is where king works beside parliament and not that involved
46
How did Cromwell change church and parliament?
he transformed England by creating a national church and elevating the position of parliament
47
How did parliament change? Peers? Sessions? Bills?
-number of peers within parliament increased to 55 by 1534 making the clergy a minority -parliament was called more regularly, were 11 sessions from 1509-1531 and from 1532 to 40 there were 10 -the last 12 parliamentary sessions produced up to 500 bills
48
What was parliament a representation of?
representation of the nation
49
Evidence of a revolution in parliament? Regularity? -finance? -in session?
-parliament was now a regular part of govt which it wasn’t always -parliament was now to do with financial matters too -parliament remained in session for 7 years between 1529 and 1535
50
Evidence of the privy council playing a role in the revolution of government? -appointments? -professional? -courts?
-people were appointed to his privy council because of family connections or patronage as instead of skills in the past -his departments were properly run and managed with professionally trained administrators who were skilled -most important courts were made eg court of first fruits and tenths and augmentation which monitored the kings income and assets from the church
51
What happened during the establishment of the privy council? Numbers? Structure?
-decreased in numbers from 90-20 -the small size meant it was more effective in times of crisis -it was structured along the lines of Wolsey’s Eltham ordinances
52
how was local/regional govt run?
-Cromwell relied on unpaid cooperation of local gentry to take control over the north, west and wales -wales was split into shires and Welsh were given representation in parliament for the first time -council of wales and the marches was given authority to govern wales wether there was a prince or not
53
What was the act of union 1536?
It reorganised local govt in the border areas of England and wales
54
What was the act of liberties and franchise 1536?
Removal of semi autonomous power of nobles such as Durham
55
How successful were financial reforms in Henry’s reign? Dependancy? Reversals? Acts? Royal Income? Subsidy act? No payments to rome?
-dependant on crown lands -the reversal of acts of attainder cost Henry 15,000 of his income between 1509 and 15 -act of resumption in 1525 decreased govt spending and reduced garrison in France -all raised 10k -royal income had decreased to £25k a year -subsidy act 1534 raised £406k between 1535 and 40 -payment to the crown instead of church- raised 42k a year
56
Evidence of extraordinary revenue being used: Wars? Laity? Commoners?
-between 1512 and 17 he raised £260k for wars -Wolsey got 280k from laity in 1523 -ordinary people had to sell lands to pay the tax for wars
57
Evidence of growth in courts of equity and star chamber? Star chamber change? Lawsuits? Court change?
-star chamber turned into a place of law enforcement and justice -lawsuits increased from 12-120 a year -it then became the court of requests in 1538- protected the peasants
58
How does Cromwell death change the roll of privy council?
-Henry needed the support of the nobility to get the rest of the country back after the pil of Grace -needed less men to get them together faster in times of crisis
59
How did Cromwell death change the role of the council? Progressions? Assistant?
-it struggled to operate within the court as Henry progressed through the country -so he appointed An assistant called William pager in 1543 who was the kings secretary
60
What happened during the factional conflict within the privy council? Conservatives led by? Reformists led by? Henry’s death wish?
-Henry liked to watch his councillors fight because it encourages active debate between them -it was between reformists and conservative factions -conservative led by Duke of Norfolk -conservatives embraced the break with Rome but wanted to maintain traditional values -reformist led by edward Seymour -16 reformists were told to rule for Henry temporarily when he died on behalf of Edward but they didn’t do it as he wished

-Henry 8th (3 decks)

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