Henry and Cromwell 1529-40 Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
what was cromwell’s personality like
A
- a ruthless figure who was prepared to do the kings dirty work - organising executions
- great loyalty to friends - wolsey
- vibrant personality, witty,charming and persuasive
2
Q
when did cromwell become a member of the privy council
A
1531
3
Q
how was cromwell influenced by protestant ideas
A
- by living and travelling in europe
4
Q
what were the reasons for cromwell’s rise to power
A
- loyalty
- wit and charm
- ruthlessness
- effiency
5
Q
how was cromwells loyalty a reason for his rise to power
A
- he remained loyal to wolsey + defended him in parliament
- this loylaty impressed henry who was prepared to promote cromwell on the terms that he would be equally loyal to Henry
6
Q
how was cromwells wit and charm a reason for his rise to power.
A
- it won him many supporters at court, including the king
7
Q
how was cromwell’s ruthlessness a reason fr his rise to power
A
- meant that the king was prepared to rely on him to manage ruthless and violent acts + discoraged rivals from challanging his power
8
Q
how was cromwell’s efficiency a reason for hbis rise to power
A
- after 1530 henry started to involve himself more in day-to-day government, cromwell was there to carry out his instructions efficiently and quickly - as the kings loyal servent
9
Q
when did cromwell becoem the kings cheif minister
A
1534
10
Q
how did cromwell manage the annulment of Henrys marriage to cromwell
A
- cromwell quickly realised that the pope was not willing to annul henrys marriage - due to charles V
- cromwell changed tactic and argued power for annulment should be given to the king
- Anne and Henry were secretly married by archbishop crammer
- parliemnt passed the act of restraint of appeals - asserting England as a empire and not under any other rule - Henry now head of church
- divorce eharing in may 1533 by crammer
- Anne was crowned as henrys queen + gave birth to ELizabeth
11
Q
when was the divorce hearing for catherine
A
may 1533
12
Q
what did the court announce at the divorce hearing of catherine
A
- the pope legal dispensation to allow henry to marry catherine was invalid
- henry and catherine had never been legally married
- henry secret marriage to Anne was valid as henry was a bachelor at the time
13
Q
what further powers did cromwell gain after the annulment
A
- master of rolls 1533 - influential role in law
-lord great chamberlain - 1540 - in charge of henrys household
- lord privy seal - 1536 - unlimited access to all of the kings documents
- chancellor of exchequer - 1533 - in charge of finances
- Vicar general - 1535 - power to institute church reform
14
Q
why were the reasons fro ANne Boleyn’s Fall
A
- early 1536 - henry was increased in JAne seymour and saw her as his queen
- Anne failed to give henry a male heir
- flirtaious behaviour in court became a embarrassment to him
- she had strong opnions about foregin policy that were seemly
- gossip in court that Anne was having a affiar
15
Q
what was cromwells role in Annes fall
A
- cromwell built case through witness and torturing as well as using spies in the queens bedchamber to prove she was guilty of adultery
- cromwell used this evidence to rpove she was guilty
16
Q
why did cromwell want to get rid of Anne
A
- cromwell was aware of annas role in wolsey’s fall and didnt wnat the same fate
- crom and anne had different opinions of foreign policy and how income from dissolution should be spent
- please henry
17
Q
when was Anne executed
A
19th May 1536
18
Q
why was henry keen to marry Jane quickly
A
he needed a child to become his legitimate heir
19
Q
after Henry married Jane why was there no longer a heir to the throne
A
- princess mary and elizabeth had been declared illegitimate as both their mothers marriage had been invalid
- Henry Fitzroy - henrys iligitimate son had died son after the act of succession was passed - so unable to claim heir
20
Q
how did jane furfil her royal duty
A
- giving birth to a son on 12th of october 1537 - Edward VI
21
Q
how did the birth of Edward VI strengthen the succession and henrys authority
A
- less chance of competing claims for the throne
- suggested God had blessed Henry with a son which suggested Annes marriage and all the venets before it were accepted by God
22
Q
what happened to jane after giving birth
A
less than two weeks later jane died - henry went into a state of morning + refused to marry for two years
23
Q
how did cromwell reform the royal council
A
- cromwell argued it was too big - up to 100 members
- cromwell replaced it with smaller privy council with 20 members
- privy council consisted with laywers and profesh administartors rather than nobels
- clerk was appionted to record decsions
24
Q
what did cromwell hope to do with reforming the royal council
A
cromwell hoped it would stop one person dominating as all would have status and working experience
25
how did cromwell reform the council of the north
- made it into a permanent institution which from 1537 was responsible for maintaining law and order
- this was important as the council prevented rebellions + the governments authority was maintained
26
what is the council of the north
existed since 1472
- aimed to improve how the north of England was governed - contained nobility and churchmen
27
why did cromwell introduce financial reforms
traditionally the kings chamber was used to record income but with the increased income from the dissolution of the monasteries cromwell decided the chamber couldn't cope with the increased work
- so he introduced 6 departments, 4 for traditional income and 2 for income from the monostries
28
what departments did cromwell created as a result of his financial reforms to control the money from the dissolution of the monostries
the court of augmentations - dealt with property and income from the dissolutions of the monasteries
the court of first fruits and tenths - collected tax from the clergy previously sent to the pope
29
what was the importance of cromwells reforms
- he created a professional civil service no longer run by nobels
- power centralised in london
- government was better organised
30
how did cromwell reform wales and when
1536
- wales became offically apart of england and english law replaced welsh
- wales represented by 26 mps
- english was declared offical lanuage in wales
31
why did cromwell reform wales
- tackle disorder in wales as well as secure the support of teh welsh gentry by giving them teh same powers of the english equivalents
32
what was henrys personal style of government
- to make his own decisions through the royal council
- the decisions were pronounced by royal proclamation + he expected peopel to obey him
- cromwell wanted to chnage this
33
what was parliament like at the neginning of henry's reign
- existed since 13th century
- contained two house - hol + hoc
- its role was limited to aproving taxation
- it did not meet often
34
how did the role of parliament develop under cromwell
- cromwell used it more regularly
- key changes to church were made by parliment
- the king and cromwell used parliament to gain support from significant people like the nobility in hol and the gentry in hoc - this strengthened the kings authority
35
what was cromwells effectiveness on developing parliament
- fro palriemnt to work henry and cromwell had to ensure there was support in parliament for the laws they wanted to pass
cromwell achieved this by:
- controlling partlimtary bsuiness - ideas debated,discussed and poperly drafted
-sitting as a MP - enabled him to guide debates and ensure tehre was support
- using threats and intimidation to underminde opposition
36
how had the significance of parliament increased
- orginally parliment had limited roles in making decisions - now it was centre of gov
- laws were prviosuly approved by royal coucil - now approved by both houses
37
why did henry marry Anne of cleves
- by 1539 there was a threat of a combined catholic crusade against england by france and spain - marriage to Anne would provide henry with european Ally
- henry needed more male heirs as he onyl had one - edward
- Duke of cleves also had broke from rome
38
who was Anne of cleves
second daughter to duke of cleves, small state in the north of holy roman empire
39
what was cromwells role in the marriage of Henry and Anne of cleves
he encouraged ehnry to accept the match
- henry gave permission to marriage negotiations
- when henry met her - he took a instant dislike to her
- the marriage went on with persuasion from cromwell
40
why did cromwell want Anne to marry Henry
- cromwell was sympathetic to protestant ideas
- if henry married Anne cromwell believed that teh protestant ideas would be strengthened in court
41
what was the failure of the marriage with Anne of cleves
by summer of 1540 the threat from holy roman empire had declined so there was no longer a need froa n alliance
- marriage was annuled
- henry blamed cromwell for the failure of the marriage
42
when was cromwell executed and what for
28th july 1540 fro treason
43
who was teh duke of Norfolk
- thomas howard - uncle of cathrine howard who became Henrys 5th wife
- he was a feirce rival to cromwell as he had ambitions to become the kings chief minister.
- he was also catholic
44
what was the fall of cromwell
- 15th of june 1540 - cromwell was arrested - accused for treason
- he was taken to tower of london, parliament passed an act of attainder, condemning him to death without trial
45
why did the duke of northfolk hate cromwell
he hated cromwell as
- cromwell supported protestant ideas
- he was jelous from cromwells rise from a humble background
- he had such influence over henry
46
what did the duke do that linked to his fall crompower
- the duke reocgnised the failure of annes amrriage and took it as an opportnity to stir relationship ebtween ehnry and cromwell
- he told his neice to spread roumers about cromwell - saying he was being inefficient in arranging teh annulemnt between anne
- claime dthe delay was becuase cromwell wanted to introduce protestantism agianst kings wishes
47
what were other reaosns from cromwells fall
- he was hated by french catholics who saw him as a heretic and supporter of charles V - removing him from pwoer would improve relationships with france and reduce possibility of crusade
- cromwell ahd many enemies within church and court - resneted dissolution,executions of john fisher,his support for protestantism
- they more than happily agreed to vote in parliament for the act of attainer that led to his execution
48
why did henry decide to execute cromwell
- he was under pressure from duke
- he was under pressure from court
-he was under pressure from church
- he had ill health which made him bad tempered and led him to make hasty decisions
