Henry Hopkinson Flashcards

Question

What are the possible consequences of thrombosis formation | 2

Answer 1

Ischemia | Infarction - myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism

Answer 2

The lodging of an embolus inside a blood vessel usually a piece of thrombus broken off from original site and lodging elsewhere

Answer 3

The formation of a blood clot in vein usually of leg Throbbing and cramping in one leg, swelling in one leg, warm skin, red or dark skin, swollen veins sore to touch Over 60, overweight, smoking, contraceptive pill, cancer, heart failure, varicose veins, pregnancy, immobility, severe burns or trauma, stroke Pulmonary embolism- clot breaks free and travels through bloodstream getting lodged in respiratory system where vessels narrow leading to low BP, fainting, arrhythmia,chest pain - in 25% of cases first presentation death Non drug treatments - compression stockings, inferior vena cava filters, thrombectomy Drug treatments- anticoagulants

Answer 4

A blood clot in an artery which can prevent blood flow to vital organs Heart attack (myocardial infarction) Stroke (cerebral infarction) Transient ischaemic attack Critical limb ischemia Age, smoking, unhealthy diet, obesity, alcohol, high BP, high cholesterol, diabetes, south asian African or African carribean descent

Answer 5

Heparin - IV - inactivates thrombin and factor Xa Streptokinase - IV - a fibrinolytic drug that activates plasminogen to form plasmin which degrades fibrin to break up thrombi

Answer 6

Warfarin - competitively inhibits vit K to reduce synthesis of clotting factors Dabigatran - thrombin inhibitor Rivaroxiban - inhibits factor Xa Apixiban - inhibits factor Xa Edoxaban - inhibits factor Xa

Answer 7

The build up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in the tunica intima called plaque which can restrict blood flow or burst and cause blood clot Occur in medium and large arteries over 2mm D Age, male, obesity, smoking, high fat diet, lack of exercise, alcohol, diabetes, high BP, high LDL cholesterol ``` Statins for high cholesterol Anti hypertensive drugs Anti platelets -Low dose aspirin or clopidogrel Coronary angioplasty Coronary artery bypass graft Carotid endarterectomy ```

Answer 8

Smooth muscle cell Infiltrating monocytes and macrophages ECM ``` Lipids Calcium Cellular debris Ox-LDL Foam cells - transformed macrophages ```

Answer 9

1. ) endocardial dysfunction 2. ) fatty streak - yellow streak visible on luminar wall due to accumulation of fat laden foam cells in tunica intima 3. ) simple plaque - plaque forms due to accumulation of lipids in foam cells and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, a fibrin cap forms over lesion 4. ) stable plaque - plaque less likely to rupture with thick fibrous cap 5. ) unstable plaque/complicated lesion- plaque more likely to rupture with thin fibrous cap and inflammation within plaque making cap less stable

Answer 10

PD disease has been associated with 25-50% increased risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 11

The contact that occurs when patient fits their teeth together with maximum intercuspation The position of the mandible in relation to maxilla with condylar head in terminal hinge axis position uppermost and foremost in glenoid fossa where initial tooth contact occurs on retruded arc of closure The axis of rotation of condyle during first few mm of mandibular opening The axis of rotation of mandible when condyles in most superior position in glenoid fossa

Answer 12

During lateral excursions there is disclusion of all teeth on working side except for canine and no contacts on non working side The functional relationship between maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth consisting of the horizontal and vertical overlaps of anterior teeth Multiple tooth contacts on working side during lateral excursions but no contacts on non working side

Answer 13

The habitual postural position of mandible when patient relaxed with condyle in neutral position The space between neutral position and ICP The angle produced by vertical movement of non working side condyle

Answer 14

A representation of the 3D border movements of the mandible from sagittal, frontal and horizontal planes Border movements limited superiorly by tooth contact Border movements limited laterally, posteriorly and anteriorly by TMJ and ligaments Opening- 50-60mm Lateral- 10-12mm Protrusion - 8-10mm Retrusion - 1mm

Answer 15

Keratosis- increased keratinisation Dysplasia- irregular epithelium stratification, loss of basal polarity, drop shaped rete pegs, abnormal mitosis, premature keratinisation, anisonucleosis, nuclear pleomophism, anisocytosis, increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio Carcinoma- local invasion by infiltration into underlying lamina propria and submucosa

Answer 16

A morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its normal counterpart A generalised state associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer

Answer 17

An abnormal white or grey area Hyperkeratosis Cannot be wiped off 1-5% become malignant FOM, ventral surface of tongue

Answer 18

A hard to define white patch with a high incidence of long term malignant transformation Gingiva and tongue

Answer 19

An abnormal red area or group of red spots that forms on the mucosa May bleed when scraped 80%

Answer 20

Speckled leukoplakia with areas of erythroplakia 30%

Answer 21

Unchanged 40% Increase size 20% Regress 20% Progress to malignancy 20%

Answer 22

Cancer in which abnormal cells have not spread beyond where they first formed or broken through basement membrane Metastasis: 1. Local infiltration of tumour cells into adjacent tissue 2. Intravasation - transendothelial migration of cancer cells into vessels 3. Survival in circulatory system 4. Extravasion 5. Proliferation in new site leading to colonisation

Answer 23

Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate calcium dependent cell to cell adhesion, regulating cell growth and differentiation Tumourogenesis- disturbed cell to cell adhesions (loss of cadherin) alters adhesion mediated signlling pathways inducing malignant phenotypes in normal cells leading to hyperplasia, dysplasia and abnormal lymphoid infiltration Tumour progression- down regulation of E cadherin and up regulation of N cadherin plays role in early invasion and metastasis

Answer 24

Integrins are receptors composed of alpha and beta subunits binding cells to their ECM Metastasis- altered integrin expression leads to loss of adherence followed by metastasis

Answer 25

Matrix metalloproteinases are calcium dependent zinc containing molecules which are enzymes that break down proteins, they are normally found in spaces between cells and tissues Metastasis- Proteinase action of MMP removes physical barriers of invasion by degradation of ECM MMPs can modulate cell adhesion so cells can move through ECM by forming new attachments and breaking old ones MMPs can activate biological activities of ECM

Answer 26

Afferent lymphatic vessel Sub capsular region

Answer 27

1. Tumour cells produce adhesive molecules and bind to marrow stromal cells and bone matrix 2. Adhesive interactions direct tumour cells to increase production of angiogenic factors and bone reabsorbing factors to enhance tumour growth 3. During bone resorption growth factors released 4. Growth factors act in paracrine manner creating an environment where metastatic cells seed and grow

Answer 28

Half of patients ``` Level 1- 50% Level 2 - 40% Level 3 - 30% Level 4- 15% Level 5- 5% ``` Level 1 Level 2 and 3

Answer 29

Pain, swelling and paraesthesia developing over short time Lesions resembling hyperplastic or reactive swelling such as pyogenic granuloma or fibrous epulis

Henry Hopkinson Flashcards

(53 cards)