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Early Tudors > Henry VII 1485 - 1503 > Flashcards

Henry VII 1485 - 1503 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Henry’s claim to the throne?

A

Maternal claim through his mother, Margaret Beaufort who was a direct descendant of Edward III through John of Gaunt

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2
Q

Who won the Battle of Bosworth?

A

Henry

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3
Q

Why was Henry crowned 2 months after Bosworth in October 1485?

A

Crowned quickly to prove legitimacy

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4
Q

Why did Henry say his reign started the day before Bosworth?

A
  • Richard was the “usurper” and Henry was the “rightful king”
  • Those who supported Richard branded traitors
  • Parliament approved the back-dating
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5
Q

Why did Henry marry Elizabeth of York?

A
  • To help secure reign
  • Red rose (Lancaster) and white rose (York) combined to form Tudor Rose
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6
Q

Outline the Simnel plot 1487

A
  • Pretended to be Edward, Earl of Warwick
  • 2000 German mercenaries provided by Margaret of Burgundy
  • Simnel taken to Ireland, supported by Earl of Kildare (Yorkist supporter)
  • Simnel crowned king in Dublin in 1487
  • Henry showed real Earl of Warwick in London to expose Simnel
  • John De La Pole involved with plot so fled to Flanders, led to Battle of Stoke in 1487
  • Simnel pardoned and worked in royal kitchens
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7
Q

What happened at the Battle of Stoke?

A
  • John De La Pole had 8000 men, Henry had 12,000
  • John De La Pole defeated
  • Could have been a repeat of Bosworth (what John De La Pole wanted - usurp throne from Henry)
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8
Q

Was the Simnel plot a threat to Henry’s reign and why?

A
  • Yes - had powerful support (Margaret of Burgundy, De La Pole, Earl of Kildare)
  • Yes - Stoke could have been a repeat of Bosworth
  • No - Henry easily defeated De La Pole
  • No - Simnel had very little English support
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9
Q

What year was Lovell and Stafford affair?

A

1486

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10
Q

What was the Lovell and Stafford affair?

A
  • Henry went on royal progress up north to gain Yorkist support
  • Lord Lovell and Stafford brothers in sanctuary after Bosworth
  • Broke sanctuary - Lovell headed north to ambush Henry, Staffords headed west to stir up rebellion
  • Henry sent an army to deal with Lovell and the Stafford brothers
  • Lovell fled to Flanders
  • Staffords went back into sanctuary - pulled out by Henry since he believed traitors shouldn’t be given sanctuary twice
  • Humphrey executed, Thomas pardoned and remained loyal
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11
Q

When was the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

1489

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12
Q

What was the Yorkshire rebellion?

A
  • Henry planned to aid Brittany with £100,000 granted by Parliament paid by tax
  • Tax caused widespread hatred - raised as sort of income tax
  • Yorkshire struggled to pay tax due to bad harvests
  • Earl of Northumberland tried to negotiate with Henry but failed - Northumberland killed by rebels
  • Earl of Surrey defeated Yorkshire rebels - Henry appointed him lieutenant in that area as a reward
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13
Q

When was the Cornwall rebellion?

A

1497

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14
Q

What was the Cornwall rebellion?

A
  • Tax raised to pay for resistance to invasion by James IV and Warbeck
  • Cornish refused to contribute
  • Rebels set out from Bodmin, but only significant leader was Lord Audley
  • Rebels confronted by royal army - 1000 rebels killed, the rest fled
  • Audley executed
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15
Q

When was Perkin Warbeck a threat?

A

1491 - 1499

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16
Q

What was the Warbeck plot?

A
  • Pretended to be Richard, Duke of York
  • Charles VIII of France welcomed Warbeck to French court but due to Treaty of Etaples, Warbeck had to leave France, so fled to Flanders where Margaret of Burgundy accepted him as her nephew
  • Unlikely that Margaret believed him but wanted to defeat Henry
  • HRE recognised Warbeck as Richard IV in 1494 but did not have resources to invade England
  • James IV supported Warbeck and gave him his cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon to marry - stopped supporting him after Treaty of Ayton peace treaty
  • Warbeck stayed at Henry’s court but was imprisoned in the Tower of London after escaping and was executed in 1499
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17
Q

Was the Warbeck plot a threat and why?

A
  • Yes - powerful foreign support that could have compromised Henry’s reign
  • Yes - Henry’s step-uncle involved, frightened Henry that people so close to him could betray him
  • No - HRE couldn’t invade and Scottish and French peace treaties prevented prolonged support of Warbeck
  • No - little English support so fled to sanctuary
18
Q

Why were nobles important to Henry?

A
  • Needed them to represent him in local areas of England
  • Needed their support to secure his reign against Yorkist opposition
19
Q

What two methods did Henry use to control the nobles?

A
  • Inducements
  • Sanctions
20
Q

What two methods did Henry use to control the nobles?

A
  • Inducements
  • Sanctions
21
Q

What were inducements?

A
  • Rewards or offers given by Henry
  • E.g. Order of the Garter - only for a small number of trusted nobles
  • Handed out patronages in return for good service
22
Q

What were sanctions?

A
  • Restrictions, e.g. taking away or restricting land owned by nobles
  • Acts of Attainder - issued in Court of Star Chamber (economically damaged the nobility)
23
Q

Why were secure finances important to Henry?

A
  • Allowed him to raise armies to defeat rebellions and uprisings
  • Helped to secure his throne
24
Q

How did Henry try to strengthen finances?

A
  • Tried to reorganise the financial administration
  • Exploited sources of ordinary revenue
  • Increased income of extraordinary revenue
25
Q

What was the first system of financial administration that Henry VII used?

A
  • He used the Exchequer but he rejected it in 1487 and went back to the Chamber system
  • This gave Henry greater control but also gave the Treasurer and the Gentleman of the Bedchamber more control
26
Q

What was ordinary revenue?

A

Regular income that the Crown could rely on to finance the monarchy (crown lands)

27
Q

When was the Act of Resumption passed?

A

1486

28
Q

What did the Act of Resumption do?

A

Restored crown lands, which increased Henry’s income

29
Q

What is extraordinary revenue?

A
  • Money raised by the king from additional sources such as one off payments when faced with emergencies, e.g. war
  • Also raised money through the Church for events
30
Q

When was the Earl of Suffolk affair?

A

1499 - 1506

31
Q

What was the Earl of Suffolk affair?

A
  • Suffolk was angry he hadn’t been promoted because of his loyalty
  • In 1501 he fled to Flanders to raise an army against Henry
  • Philip and Margaret of Burgundy had to take refuge in England after a storm and Henry persuaded them to surrender Suffolk and they did
32
Q

Was the Earl of Suffolk affair a threat?

A
  • No - Henry arrested all rebels and allies of Suffolk to prevent further uprising
  • No - Suffolk had little English support, and negotiations with Margaret of Burgundy were easy
33
Q

What were Henry’s aims for his administration?

A

Restore law and order

34
Q

What was the function of central government?

A
  • Small group of councillors (e.g. Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor)
  • Used smaller committees e.g. Council Learned in the Law to handle bonds and recognisances - made Empson and Dudley unpopular as they tried to enforce them
35
Q

What were bonds?

A
  • Written contract of good behaviour
  • If they failed a task given to them, they lost the money associated with the bond
36
Q

What was a recognisance?

A

A formal acknowledgement of a debt or an obligation that already existed, with the understanding to pay money if this was not met

37
Q

What was the regional government?

A

Yorkist system of regional councils where royal authority was less strong

38
Q

What was the Council of the North?

A
  • Defended the border with Scotland
  • Members appointed by Henry so were loyal
39
Q

What was the Council of Wales?

A

Re-established in 1493 - Henry used his connections to increase control

40
Q

What was the role of local government under Henry?

A
  • Henry wanted his laws to be passed but didn’t have the men to do it, so had to rely on nobles and gentry
  • Created the Justices of the Peace who upheld order and took charge of economic issues, but were unpopular

Early Tudors (3 decks)

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