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Henry VII Flashcards

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1
Q

What is H7’s maternal claim to the throne

A

Mum (Margaret Beaufort) grand-daughter of Edward III

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2
Q

Why is a maternal claim weak?

A

through female line & father (John of Gaunt) had children bastardised for being out of wedlock

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3
Q

What is H7’s paternal claim to the throne

A

Owen Tudor ( paternal grandfather) was the second husband to Henry V’s ex

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4
Q

What were H7’s aims coming into power

A
  1. Remain king and establish his dynasty
  2. keep out of foreign affairs as are $$$ and might challenge his dynasty
  3. establish effective gov.
  4. maintain law and order
  5. control the nobility
  6. secure the crown’s finances
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5
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - Elizabeth of York

A

Put her and Earl of Warwick in tower to prevent rebellion and from marrying a Yorkist
Married her after coronation (January 1486)
Gave birth to Arthur - embodiment of the Tudor Rose (22nd September 1489)

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6
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - Coronation

A

Took place before 1st Parliament to show legitimacy from God not Parliament (divine right of Kings)
Coronation - 30th October
Parliament - 7th November

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7
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - backdated

A

Officially backdated Battle of Bosworth to 21st August so anyone fighting for Richard could be called a traitor

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8
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - patronage

A

gave out 11 knighthoods
made key appointments e.g. Sir William Stanley to Lord Chamberlain of the Household

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9
Q

Dynastic ambition and political opposition was a reason for rebellion

A

Lovell and Stafford rising 1485-6
Simnel and Warbeck

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10
Q

Taxes/ demands for money was a reason for rebellion

A

Yorkshire Rebellion 1489 - funding for Brittany/France
Cornish Rebellion 1497 - funding for Scotland

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11
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - Burgundy

A

Margaret of Burgundy - supported pretenders e.g. recognised PW as rightful King in 1490

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12
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - Ireland

A

Ireland supported pretenders e.g. Simnell proclaimed King in 1487

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13
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - France

A

France - Charles 8 supported Warbeck

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14
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - HRE

A

Holy Roman Empire - Maximilian I persuaded PW to try invade England (failed 1495)

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15
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - Scotland

A

James 4 allowed PW to take refuge and marry his cousin, September 1496 tried to invade ENG but failed - lost all support

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16
Q

Claiming to have a better claim to the throne was a reason for rebellion

A

Simnel - Earl of Warwick
Warbeck - Richard, Duke of York (Princes in the tower)

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17
Q

H7 controlled nobility with attacks on retaining

A

1485 - Lords and Commons had to swear oath they wouldn’t illegally retain
1504 - Nobles had to get a special licence from King and if didn’t were fined £5/retainer/month
Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 in 1507 for illegally retaining 471 men - put under bond of £5000 for 10yrs

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18
Q

H7 controlled nobility through Act of Attainders

A

138 passed - 51 in last 5 yrs of reign
41 reversed
Sir Thomas Tyrell had to pay £1738 to reverse his and his Dad’s attainders

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19
Q

H7 controlled nobility through patronage

A

rare for him to give titles - Edward 4 created 9 earls and H7 only 3
titles meant reducing crown income as less crown lands

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20
Q

Influence of Churchman John Morton

A

ABofC in 1486 (had worked hard against R3) and Cardinal in 1493
Important for ‘Morton’s Fork’ - exploited by tax commissioners as ‘The rich were told that they could afford to contribute, and the poor were accused of having concealed wealth’

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21
Q

Influence of Richard Empson

A

member of King’s council from 1494
chaired Council Learned in Law and associated with ruthlessness of H7’s reign
executed immediately under H8

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22
Q

Influence of Edmund Dudley

A

came in after Reginald Bray death in 1503 (SAME YEAR AS ELIZABETH OF YORK DIES) and exploited financial opportunities with Council Learned with increasing ruthlessness
executed immediately under H8

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23
Q

Functions of King’s council

A
  1. advise the king
  2. administer the realm on the King’s behalf (collect taxes)
  3. make legal judgements
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24
Q

Extent of Council’s influence

A

227 men recorded as attendees BUT H7 only rlly listened to 6/7
Mum (Margaret Beaufort) often seen as most influential
Council had no established rules or procedures
Professional councillors that weren’t courtiers often met separately without King e.g. Empson and Dudley

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25
Meaning of personal monarchy
Political power and influence of a person depends upon their relationship with the King
26
Why was the privy chamber introduced?
Sir William Stanley (Lord Chancellor) betrayed him with PW in 1495
27
Why did H7 use parliament at the start of his reign?
3/12.5 months 1485-6 to secure his reign e.g. backdate rein, acts of attainders etc.
28
Why else did H7 call parliament?
to support controversial policies e.g. limiting powers of nobility and raising taxes (extraordinary revenue for wars)
29
How was parliament used at the end of H7's reign?
no parliament in last 5 years of the reign BUT in final parliament managed to secure that H7 couldn't call them again for extraordinary revenue
30
Why was H7's control weak in Cornwall?
saw themselves as independent
31
Why was H7's control weak in Wales?
it could be used to invade England - as H7 had done
32
Why was H7's control weak in the North?
far away and loyal to House of York in past
33
Why was H7's control weak in Ireland?
real power left with Chieftons not H7 - only ruled the Pale Earl of Kildare was Deputy but sympathised with Royal Pretenders - H7 forced to remove him and put Sir Poynings in 1494 - then Kildare reinstated in 1496
34
What was Poyning's law?
1495 - Irish Parliament controlled by English King and Council
35
Earl of Suffolk's role
put in charge of North as had no strong support to rival Henry
36
Jasper Tudor's rule
led Council of Wales and 1488 took possession of Cardiff Castle
37
Prince-Bishop of Durham's role
Led Palentine of Durham where he ruled as a semi-independent ruler
38
Role of Justices of the Peace
to conduct local government unpaid and met 4 times a year to try people accused of more serious crimes
39
How did H7 increase JP's power?
used them as free patronage 1485 - Powers of arrest extended to cover poachers and hunters 1491 - Powers to grant bail 1495 - Power to vet juries
40
Why did H7 consider finance to be so important
H7 aimed to achieve solvency by increasing Royal Income by decreasing spending to restore crown's $$ strength
41
What was the increase in income from Crown land? (ordinary)
£29,000 (1485) to £42,000 (1509)
42
What was the income from customs duties? (ordinary)
made up 1/3rd of all income smuggling meant not a massive increase £33,000 to £40,000
43
What were feudal dues? (ordinary)
enforced traditional rights to the full e.g. warships and marriages
44
How were Acts of Attainders used for revenue? (ordinary)
Sir William Stanley paid £9000 in cash, £1000/yr after treason in 1495
45
Example of parliamentary grant (extraordinary)
payments to help for Battle of Stokefield 1487
46
Example of Loans and Benevolences (extraordinary)
1496 - H7 needed money for PW and Scotland so appealed to landlords for loans
47
Example of Clerical Taxes (extraordinary)
1489 - Church paid £25,000 for war against France made £6000 from simony and leaving positions vacant
48
Example of feudal obligations (extraordinary)
at knighting of Prince Arthur, King got feudal dues from nobles
49
French pension details (extraordinary)
Treaty of Etaples 1492 - H7 promised £159,000 in compensation from France - paid in £5000/yr
50
Example of Bonds and Recognisances (extraordinary)
H7 collected 191 bonds in 1st decade of his reign earned £3000 in 1493 rising to £35000 in 1505 (those who fell behind hounded by Council Learned)
51
H7's foreign policy aims
secure as many allies, spend the least money possible and secure his dynasty
52
Events of Simnel Rising in Ireland
Earl of Kildare and leaders proclaimed Simnel Edward VI in May 1487 H7 diffused by showing real Earl of Warwick
53
Significance of Simnel Rising in Ireland
showed H7 was vulnerable and opportunity for Margaret of Burgundy (sent 2000 mercenaries)
54
Events in Brittany 1489
H7 didn't want France to take over Brittany - now ruled by 12yr old Duchess Anne Treaty of Redon signed Feb 1489 - H7 promised cost of 6,000 men paid to defend Anne
55
Significance of Brittany 1489
didn't achieve aim as Anne married Charles 8 in 1491 - end of Brittany's independence Yorkshire Rebellion
56
Events in France 1492
H7 prepares to invade with 26,000 men - crossed channel in October 1489 C8 didn't want war with H7 as more interested in Italian peninsula C8 offered peace and Treaty of Etaples signed in Nov 1492
57
Significance of France 1492
England not a powerful country H7 gets pension - £5,000/yr - makes up 5% of crown income C8 withdrew support for PW Better relations with Burgundy (trade)
58
Events in Burgundy 1496
A trade embargo put in place to challenge Margaret of Burgundy's support for PW Intercursus Magnus - ended Trade Embargo (BUT not MofB's support for PW)
59
Significance of Burgundy 1496
needed good relations with Burgundy as Antwerp big for trade H7 puts dynastic priorities ahead of economic leads to better relations with Burgundy (trade)
60
Events in Spain 1489
Treaty of Medina del Campo - trade agreement to join against France and marriage alliance with Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur BUT argument over Catherine's dowry
61
Significance of Spain 1489
only 4 years into his reign recognised by a lead European monarch - important as a usurper trying to gain legitimacy
62
Events in Scotland 1497
James 4 supports PW - has in court and marries cousin failed invasion of England with PW leading to Truce of Ayton
63
Significance in Scotland 1497
J4 no longer supported PW 1503 Treaty of Perpetual Peace - J4 marry H7 daughter Margaret success - PW gone after Cornish Rebellion and marriage stops Scot invasions
64
Events in Burgundy 1506
Isabella and Phillip shipwrecked in England - H7 used to his advantage for Intercursus Malus and Treaty of Windsor 1506
65
Significance of Burgundy 1506
favourable treaties BUT Phillip's death meant never went through

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