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Henry VIII Flashcards

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1
Q

Give two reasons the First Council 1509-1514 came to an end?

A

 Conservative old councillors were anti-war
 Wolsey’s skills brought him to the King’s attention and he was pro-war

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2
Q

Give two reasons Wolsey became Henry VIII’s Chief Minister in 1515?

A

 Church and secular positions
 Admin and organisational skills in First French War

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3
Q

Through the development of what did Wolsey improve the justice system in England?

A

 Court of Star Chamber

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4
Q

What did Wolsey set up to improve the tax system?

A

National Committee to assess

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5
Q

When Wolsey failed to get sufficient funds from Parliament for the Second French War in 1523, what disastrous
policy did he use in 1525?

A

Amicable Grant

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6
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances of 1526?

A

Wolsey’s attempt to reform the finances and efficiency of the government especially Privy Chamber and Household

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7
Q

Give the four main reasons Henry VIII wanted to Break with Rome.

A

Love, power over church, succession/heir, issues in the church.

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8
Q

What two strategies did Wolsey try to resolves the King’s Great Matter?

A

fake court; diplomacy; Campeggio’s hearing

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9
Q

Give three reasons Wolsey fell from prominence?

A

No annulment; Amicable Grant; Boleyn faction/disliked by nobility who moved against him

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10
Q

Who was Thomas More and why did he fail to achieve the annulment for Henry VIII?

A

Chief Minister 1529-32; matter of conscience

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11
Q

Why did Cromwell rise to prominence as Henry VIII’s Chief Minister from 1532-1540?

A

suggested resolution to King’s Great Matter through Parliament

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12
Q

Who became Archbishop of Canterbury after Warham’s death in 1532?

A

Cranmer

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13
Q

Name the three most significant pieces of parliamentary legislation of 1534 which ended the power of the
Catholic Church in England and established the Royal Supremacy?

A

Act of Supremacy; Act of Succession; Treason Act

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14
Q

Give three examples of Cromwell making significant change to English government in the 1530s?

A

role of Parliament;
Privy Council Ministers separate from household;
reform of Councils of North and Wales;
centralised govt based in London.

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15
Q

Give two examples of Cromwell improving royal finances and making the King less dependent on Parliament for
extra-ordinary revenue?

A

Exchequer to oversee finances,
not Chamber; set up Court of Augmentations and Court of First Fruits and Tenths to oversee revenue from monastic lands; set up Court of Wards to oversee revenue from land of minors.

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16
Q

Why did Cromwell fall from grace?

A

disastrous marriage to Anne of Cleves;
too Protestant

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17
Q

How was the final period of conciliar rule different to previous Councils?

A

fixed membership;
secretary who kept notes.

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18
Q

Why was the Duke of Norfolk disgraced on two occasions during this time?

A

emerged that his niece, Catherine Howard, who’d married the king was sexually experienced;
his son, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, threatened the King’s throne and was executed for treason.

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19
Q

This last Council was dominated by faction and political rivalries. Which councillor was the most ‘powerful’ on
the eve of Henry VIII’s death?

A

Edward Seymour, Ed VI’s uncle.

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20
Q

Who was the monarch scotland of initially and then by the end of his reign?

A

James IV
1513 onwards James V
1542 onwards MQS

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21
Q

Who was the monarch of France initially and then by the end of his reign?

A

Louis XII
1515 onwards Francis I

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22
Q

Who was the monarch of spain initially and then by the end of his reign?

A

Ferdinand
1516 onwards Charles I (Habsburg)

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23
Q

Who was the monarch of HRE initially and then by the end of his reign?

A

Maximillian
1519 onwards Charles V (Habsburg)

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24
Q

Why did England go to war with France in 1512?

A

 Triumph of pro-war councillors in the Council over old conservative councillors
 Henry’s desire of glory and prestige
 Support from Holy League alliance

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25
What battles did England win in France and in Scotland in 1513?
 Spurs  Flodden
26
What two gains did Henry VIII make from the First French War?
 Therouanne (Tournai sold back)  Marriage of sister Mary to Louis XII  Initial loss, but then French Pension renegotiated
27
Why arguably could historians argue Henry VIII lost more than he gained from the First French War?
 Costly sideshow, with Henry VIII being used by Ferdinand who made greater gains  Tournai sold back to French for less than was paid for the English repairs to its fortifications  Wasted solvent legacy bequeathed to him by his father
28
What treaty of 1518 and event of 1520 meant many viewed Wolsey as a prestigious peacemaker in Europe?
 Treaty of London  Field of Cloth of Gold
29
Despite peace with France, why did Henry VIII sign the Treaty of Bruges in 1521 with the Holy Roman Empire and start the Second French War in 1522?
 Possible gains of land in France  Possibility of a marriage between his daughter Mary and HRE
30
Why was the Second French War a failure for Wolsey financially?
 Failure of 1523 subsidy to raise enough extra-ordinary revenue  Disastrous Amicable Grant of 1525
31
Why was the Second French War a failure for Wolsey financially?
 Failure of 1523 subsidy to raise enough extra-ordinary revenue  Disastrous Amicable Grant of 1525
32
Why was Henry VIII very disappointed after the Holy Roman Emperor’s victory against the French at Pavia in northern Italy in 1525?
 Henry’s ego bruised after Holy Roman Emperor refused to invade France more fully
33
What was the Diplomatic Revolution and give an example of a treaty signed as part of this?
 A significant turning point in foreign relations - having fought the French, England now made peace with her against the HRE.  Treaties of Amiens, Westminster and the More as well as the League of Cognac cemented these in the late 1520s.
34
What foreign policy event took place in 1527 which meant that Henry VIII was going to find very difficult to achieve the annulment with Catherine of Aragon?
 Sack of Rome – HRE Charles (Catherine of Aragon’s nephew) took Pope hostage
35
Why was further defeat of France by the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Landriano and the following Peace of Cambrai of 1529 further significant for Henry VIII?
 Holy Roman Empire even more powerful and completely dominated the Pope  England isolated again as peace treaty in Italian Wars, which she wasn’t involved in.
36
in the late 1520s and early 1530s, as it became even more unlikely Henry VIII would resolve his Great Matter through diplomatic negotiations with the Pope, how was the annulment achieved domestically?
 Through the English Parliament and all of the Break with Rome legislation
37
Why was the Treaty of Nice in 1538 particularly dangerous for England?
 HRE and France now at peace again, so not distracted by fighting each other. Could invade England to restore Catholicism as urged to by the Pope.
38
In 1538, Henry VIII was excommunicated by the Pope for breaking with Rome. What did this mean for English Catholics?
 They didn’t need to obey their monarch so could rebel against him
39
What did Henry VIII and Cromwell do in the late 1530s to reduce the risk of England being invaded by a Catholic Crusade?
 Build up coastal fortifications  Passed Act of Six Articles which reversed some of the religious changes  Arranged marriage of Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves to cement alliance with Protestant League of Schmalkalden.
40
What battle did England win against the Scots in 1542 after they invaded?
 Solway Moss
41
Despite the death of James V in battle and the potential for a full-scale successful invasion of Scotland, what was the Treaty called which proposed the marriage of Prince Edward to Mary Queen of Scots?
 Greenwich (never ratified)
42
Having invaded France again in 1544, which town did Henry VIII successfully capture?
 Boulogne
43
How did the French retaliate?
 Sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible Scottish invasion of England
44
Give three examples of English defeat at the hand of the French and Scottish in 1545?
 Defeat an Ancrum Moor in Scotland  French force landed in the Isle of Wight  Sinking of the Mary Rose in the Solent
45
Why do historians argue Henry VIII left Edward VI a ‘toxic legacy’ in 1547?
 Financial disaster – had to sell off monastic lands and debased the coinage causing inflation
46
Give two reasons why the succession had an impact on foreign policy during the reign of Henry VIII.
 Spent a lot of 1530s trying to keep a low profile and minimise threat of invasion  Marriage alliances – Catherine of Aragon, sister Mary to Louis XII, daughter Mary to HRE (did not happen), son Edward to MQS (did not happen), himself to Anne of Cleves…
47
The size of the nobility increased during Henry VIII’s reign and by the end of the reign there were nine more peers. Which two titles of Duke were awarded during Henry VIII’s reign?
Norfolk and Suffolk
48
2) Name three members of the nobility who were executed during Henry VIII’s reign (not including his wives).
Any 3 of: Duke of Buckingham 1521; Lord Darcy and Lord Hussey for roles in 1536 rebellion; Baron Montague, Marquis of Exeter and the Countess of Salisbury for treason conspiracy in 1538.
49
What happened to the gentry class in Henry VIII’s reign?
Grew; more involvement in local admin, with growth of JPs
50
Which class of people grew significantly in towns?
Professional/commercial bourgeoisie/middle class
51
In what year was the Laws in Wales Act passed and explain two things this meant for Wales?
1536; divided into counties; direct political representation in House of Commons; same laws as England
52
ollowing the 1536 rebellions, which local government body did Henry VIII and Cromwell re-establish to better control the North of England?
Council of the North
53
Following Kildare’s dismissal and rebellion in Ireland, how did Henry VIII try to control Ireland from 1541?
Made himself King of all Ireland; established it as a separate kingdom, imposed English laws & counties
54
Over what economic issue was there resistance to in 1525 and which members of the nobility sensitively supressed this?
Amicable Grant; Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk
55
What triggered the Lincolnshire Rising in 1536 as a local, political cause?
imposition of the Duke of Suffolk on Lincolnshire as a great magnate.
56
What two specific religious changes in 1536 caused the Lincolnshire Rising, the Pilgrimage of Grace and the Cumberland Rebellion?
dissolution of monasteries; Cromwell’s 1536 religious injunctions
57
Who was the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske
58
What were the Captain Poverty letters sent out during the Pilgrimage of Grace?
letters sent by anonymous rebels to threaten landowners & complain about unfair land ownership & practices.
59
Some historians argue that there was a courtly conspiracy fuelling the 1536 rebellions also – what was the aim of the conspirators?
-have Princess Mary reinstated as an heir.
60
Why did the Cumberland Rebellion start?
religious change did not slow down as promised.
61
Which nobleman suppressed the Pilgrimage of Grace and the Cumberland Rebellion?
Duke of Norfolk
62
The pace of religious change did not really slow down as a result of the 1536 rebellions. This only happened after 1538, so what two things happened then to slow religious change in England?
Henry VIII’s excommunication; Treaty of Nice and peace between HRE and France, made an invasion of England seem more likely.
63
Agriculture remained the main contributor to the English economy during Henry VIII’s reign. Give two possible reasons agricultural production rose during this time.
Any 2 from: demand from a more rapidly growing population; or potential profits from sheep farming due to growth in cloth industry; or engrossing fields made farming slightly more efficient.
64
What was enclosure?
Enclosing of strip land and common land, with fences and hedges, to keep sheep (for wool & cloth industries).
65
Give two ways Wolsey tried to limit enclosure, although with limited impact?
Enclosure Commission; holding legal proceedings against 188 landlords who were abusing their tenants’ rights.
66
Which English export grew the most during Henry VIII’s reign?
Cloth
67
Which other two exports also grew more gradually at this time?
tin and animal hides
68
What happened to English exploration at this time and why?
stagnated; Henry VIII not interested.
69
What happened to the population from 1525 and give two effects of this on the economy?
grew more rapidly. Any 2 from: put pressure on food resources; encouraged growth of agricultural production (crops for food and wool for cloth to feed and clothe more people); increased prices due to more demand; wages stagnated as plentiful supply of cheap labour.
70
What was debasement and when did this occur?
Debasement was when Henry VIII put less silver into newly minted coins, so they could produce more of them – they were therefore worth less and this caused inflation. 1544-1546 to fund his wars against Scotland and France.
71
Why did the wealthy benefit at this time?
increased profits to be made from growing population
72
Why did the poor get poorer?
prices rose due to growing demand for goods and debasement, but their wages stagnated due to plentiful supply of cheap labour.
73
What was the Renaissance?
A significant period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages and taking place during the 14th -16th centuries. It promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art; it encouraged people to ask questions, new thinking and creativity.
74
What was humanism?
It stemmed from the Renaissance and was an intellectual movement, which placed great emphasis on the value, education and agency of human-beings.
75
Give two examples of the Renaissance having an impact on English ideas, art or culture.
Wolsey’s Hampton Court Palace was classical in style; screen depicting marriage to Anne Boleyn; Henry VII’s tomb.
76
Give two examples of humanism having an impact on education in England.
St Paul’s School (Collet) and Magdalen College School, Oxford had humanist curriculums; university curriculum influenced by humanism
77
What was the Reformation?
a 16th century European movement opposing the Catholic Church, which resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Church.
78
Who started it, when and where?
Martin Luther, 1517, Germany.
79
What title was Henry VIII given in 1521 by Pope Leo X and for doing what?
‘Defender of the Faith’; for writing against Luther in support of Catholicism.
80
What triggered the Break with Rome and then the beginning of the Reformation in England?
Henry VIII’s desire for an annulment, which the Pope couldn’t grant as held hostage by Holy Roman Emperor.
81
onger-term, what three examples of corruption can you give within the Catholic Church in England?
Pluralism; Simony; Non-residence; anti-clericalism; Canon/church law giving clergy privileges; abuses in monasteries.
82
What did the death of Richard Hunne reveal about the Catholic Church in England?
abuse of power of church in torturing a prisoner and then trying to cover up his murder by pretending it was a suicide.
83
Why do some historians argue monasticism was ‘a relic of a bygone age’?
some had become more like businesses, with extensive land and resources – lost their spiritual way
84
In what three groups can we see the beginnings of early opposition to the Catholic Church in England?
Lollards, humanists and Lutherans.
85
Who produced the first English Bible and from when was it in circulation?
William Tyndale; from 1525.
86
Name three things Henry VIII/Cromwell did to change the structure of the church in England after 1534.
Supreme Head of Church; Cromwell was Vicegerent in Spirituals; six new dioceses; dissolved monasteries.
87
How did Cromwell justify dissolving more, smaller monasteries in England?
inspectors’ evidence of corruption, which they were instructed to find.
88
How did he then justify dissolving the larger monasteries from 1539?
said many heads of monasteries in the north were involved in Pilgrimage of Grace.
89
What did the 1538 Injunctions state?
no pilgrimages; no relics; Bible in English in every church.
90
What did the 1536 Act of Ten Articles stipulate, which was seen as a clear move towards Protestantism?
only 3 sacraments necessary for salvation - baptism, penance & Eucharist (communion)
91
How did the 1537 Bishops Book affect the sacraments?
restored the other four sacraments but lower status.
92
What did the 1539 Act of Six Articles re-introduce?
brought back much Catholic doctrine & said the denial of transubstantiation was heretical – seen as a move back to Catholicism as bread & wine still to be seen as becoming, rather than representing body and blood of Christ
93
Why was there this reversal back to Catholicism in 1539?
Treaty of Nice brought peace between HRE and France in 1538, so English invasion more likely; Henry VIII excommunicated in 1538 so Catholics in England did not have to obey him.
94
What did the 1543 Act for the Advancement of the True Religion state?
restricted Bible reading to upper class men.
95
What happened to church interiors and services during the reign of Henry VIII?
nothing – stayed the same, with services in Latin and similar music.

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