Henry VIII 1509-1536 Flashcards
(418 cards)
1
Q
What was health like in Henry VIIIs reign?
A
There were four bad harvests in a row leading up to his reign, 1500-3, death rate massively outstripped birth rate, his accession coincided with the outbreak of the Sweating Sickness (form of influenza)
2
Q
How did the position of the nobles change during Henry VIII’s reign? 3 points
A
Only remaining super nobles were Percys in Northumberland and Staffords in Buckingham, extinction rate of nobles was 42% in 1509 but replacement rate was only 17%, only 8 new peers, number of major peers fell 16 to 10
3
Q
How did the position of the gentry change during Henry VIII’s reign?
A
Rural gentry controlled land of peers and rented this land to peasants. This group was overpopulated which led to pressure on land
4
Q
How did the population of London change in the early 1500s?
A
By 1500 the population was 60,000 due to immigration. The population would have otherwise declined due to the high death rate
5
Q
Give 3 points about towns in Henry VIII’s reign
A
Towns acted as a magnet for all the people forced off land by population pressure/increased number of livestock which had caused agrarian change, towns attracted a greater variety of trades than villages, towns had bakers/butchers/joiners but villages produced goods in cottage industries.
6
Q
What was migration like when Henry VIII came into power?
A
Stood at 10%. Mainly from North and West to South and East
7
Q
Identify 4 key dates in 1509
A
21st April death of Henry VII, 23rd April Henry VIII proclaimed King, 11th June Henry VII marries Catherine of Aragon, 24th June coronation of Henry and Catherine
8
Q
What legacy did Henry VII leave?
A
Left around £300,000, unpopular mechanisms for extracting money, peaceful foreign policy, conciliar form of government (decisions made through a council)
9
Q
How did Henry VIII prepare for the role of King? 6 points
A
He came to the throne two months before his 18th birthday so seven years had passed since Arthur’s death. He learnt about humanism, studied languages/history/astronomy/arithmetic, learnt several instruments and could sing, learnt horse riding and tennis, followed the code of chivalry
10
Q
How was Henry VIII viewed by the public?
A
Positively because he was well educated, had courage/charm/humour, was chivalrous
11
Q
How did Henry VIII deal with Empson and Dudley?
A
They tried to conceal the news of Henry VII’s death so Henry VIII sent them to the power, Council Learned in the Law was abolished, bonds imposed by Henry VII to control the nobility were cancelled
12
Q
How was Henry VIII seen as a hands-off King?
A
He had no experience of public affairs or government and found the writing and reading of state papers tedious. Yet he would suddenly intervene in thje business of government and contradict actions which had already been taken. He lacked his father’s work ethic and preferred courtly activities
13
Q
What was canon law?
A
Law of the church did not allow marriage to the wife of a dead brother and the pope’s approval was required for such a marriage to take place (aka between Henry VIII and Catherine)
14
Q
What did Henry VIII swear to do on his accession?
A
To attack France. His role model was Henry V who brought under control half of France
15
Q
How were Henry and Arthur’s childhood different?
A
Henry grew up in a predominantly female household whereas Prince Arthur was bought up away from his siblings and the Royal Court to become a little prince in a heavily male household
16
Q
Why did Henry marry so many times?
A
He believed love and marriage were the same thing as a result of his feminine upbringing
17
Q
Why was it a bad decision to bring Arthur up in the Marches?
A
The English political elite did not know him whereas Henry had been kept at court which gave him a presence on the political stage from a young age
18
Q
When and why is Prince Arthur sent to Ludlow?
A
To continue his education as king-in-waiting in 1493
19
Q
When is Henry VIII invested as the Duke of York (Knighthood of the Bath) in London?
A
11th October 1494 to prove Warbeck was a false claimant
20
Q
Who does Starkey say was the person who ended the Wars of the Roses?
A
Henry VIII because he was very close with his mother so saw himself as a Yorkist
21
Q
When was the Reformation brought about in England?
A
Henry VIIIs divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Great surviving Yorkist families, other than the Greys, became impassioned supporters of Catholic piety
22
Q
What does Starkey say about Henry at the start of his reign compared with the 1530s?
A
Two different people but the thing which stays the same is his nicest trait: his attitude towards women
23
Q
When did Henry VIII take over his dead brother’s place as Prince of Wales?
A
23rd February 1504
24
Q
How was Henry’s decision to marry Catherine of Aragon a chivalrous action?
A
She was an obviously virtuous young woman who had for seven years been used by Henry VII as a pawn in his complex diplomatic manoeuvrings, after the death of Arthur Henry VII had refused to return her to her parents with her dowry as he should have done or marry her to his second son as he had periodically promised to. Catherine had won widespread admiration by the dignified way in which she dealt with her adversity
25
Describe Henry VIII's appearance in 7 points
Very handsome, tall, large framed, well proportioned, very muscular, carried himself well, paid great attention to the clothes he wore
26
Identify Henry VIII's 7 interests
Loved competitive physical activity such as hunting on horseback (a race between a group of companions to reach the quarry first), tennis, jousting (charging on heavily armored horses attempting to unseat an opponent with a lance) started doing it at the start of his reign and he continued for 25 years, more interested in the romantic side of love making than physical as he had fewer mistresses and fewer illegitimate children (probably 2) than most male rulers of his time, ate and drank enormous quantities regularly and gluttony was typical of rich people at the time, competent musician, passable scholar
27
Describe Henry's intellectual abilities in 5 points
Those wishing to intigrate themselves with Henry were almost certain of success if they said he was clever, he extended favour to men of outstanding ability (Wolsey, More, Cromwell), lacked formal educational training, able to appreciate strengths and spot weaknesses of an argument before him, whenever he was hoodwinked by his advisors (Wolsey, Anne Boleyn) this was due to his emotions and facts being perverted
28
How was Henry a conformist? 6 points
He retained most attitudes of his sex/class/age so believed women were inferior to men, this belief was only suspended for a brief period during his relationship with Anne Boleyn because she refused to be treated as a second class citizen because of her gender, he was angry at Catherine of Aragon for refusing to be put aside and celebrated her death in 1536, his daughter Mary refused to accept the annulment of her parents' marriage, felt affection for Jane Seymour because she fully accepted her husband's views about the inferiority of women, Catherine Parr survived because she declared that she wished to follow all her husband's instructions
29
What did Henry think about the social hierarchy?
He accepted that God ordered the society so it was a sin for anyone to challenge the place she or he had been assigned therefore he behaved ruthlessly towards any groups or individuals who dared to endanger the prevailing order of things
30
What did Henry think about life and work?
Time on earth was merely a brief interlude in the soul's eternal life, servants were those who worked whereas masters devoted their time to activities that better befitted their status
31
Describe Henry's beliefs about God
Never doubted the existence of or nature of the Christian God, believed his position as King empowered him to make special deals with God
32
What did Henry VIII believe about his role in life? 4 points
He was to be a true knight according to the code of the chivalry. The important aspects of this code were the need for men to perform valiant deeds (jousting or mock battles), 'courtly love' which meant a true knight was expected to perform valiantly on the field of battle to lay worthwhile trophies at the feet of his fair lady (he hurried back to Catherine of Aragon to present her with symbols of the victorious campaign in France in 1513), concept of honour was important because kings should be obeyed and never under the influence of others
33
Why was Henry viewed as fundamentally strong by some historians? 6 points
He possessed sufficient determination, self assurance, intellectual ability, political shrewdness to ensure that the conduct of public life in his kingdom and in its dealings with other states followed the lines that he determined. He frequently allowed his leading servants eg Wolsey considerable scrope for independent action but he always retained control, he exploited factions during his reign
34
Why was Henry viewed as basically weak by some historians? 6 points
Indecisive, in the latter part of his reign severe pain sapped his resolve, uncertain of which policy to pursue, lacking in confidence, cruel, Wolsey seen as an alternative King
35
What influence did Wolsey have on Henry VIII?
Able to persuade the king almost at will to accept policies and only had to change course on rare occasions when his nominal master intervened briefly but forcefully
36
What influence did Thomas Cromwell have on Henry VIII?
Persuaded Henry to break with Rome to secure the end of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon and to dispense with Anne Boleyn and to plunder the monasteries to solve his financial problems and to institute a reign of terror in which anybody who voiced opposition to the royal policy could be charged with treason and executed
37
How did Henry VIII seem unimportant to his grandmother Margaret of Beaufort?
She got his birth date wrong when writing it down and had to correct it
38
What did the Spanish ambassador say about Henry's relationship with his father and grandmother?
Henry was in complete subjection to them and was quiet around them
39
What was Henry's relationship with Dutch scholar Erasmus?
Erasmus visited his court with Thomas More when Henry was 9 and Thomas More presented him with latin verses so Erasmus later writes latin poetry for Henry about the new Tudor dynasty -this led to a blossoming friendship between Erasmus and Henry
40
When was the Treaty or Etaples renewed with France and what did this involve?
1510, work of Henry VIIIs fathers councillors, Henry had already issued a translation of the life of his role model Henry V and planned to attack France. Henry sent the Archbishop of York, Christopher Bainbrudge to persuade Pope Julius II to enter an alliance against the French
41
What two events of Henry’s foreign policy occurred in 1511?
He made a deal with Spain to attack France, joined the holy league against France (alongside the pope, the venititians, the Swiss and Ferdinand of Aragon)
42
When was Henry VIIIs first invasion of France and what did it involve?
1512. Henry sent an army of 10,000 men to France under the Marquis of Dorset, Henry was persuaded to do so by Ferdinand of Aragon who used Henry’s expedition of a diversionary tactic to conquer Navarre (an area of land on the French Spanish border) but Henry achieves nothing: his army contracted dysentery, got drunk and mutinied
43
When was Henry’s second invasion of France and what did this involve?
16th August 1513 The Battle of the Spurs. Henry personally led an army of 25,000 men into Northern France and they seized control of unimpressive towns Therouanne and Tournai. Wolsey provides the English army for the siege of Therouanne and was congratulated by the pope. His cavalry chased after french Calvary who dug in their spurs to speed their escape. Henry’s men captured notable prisoners although Henry was not present, Henry believed he had won glory but it was Maximilian who gained strategically
44
When and what was the Battle of Flodden?
9th September 1913. James IV crosses border into England with 30,000-40,000 men so an English army of 26,000 respond led by veteran soldier Earl of Surrey, James killed along with much of the Scottish nobility so throne passed to James V an infant. Catherine of Aragon regent as Henry was in France, she organised armies to defeat Scottish
45
Why was the battle of flodden similar to the Lovell rebellion?
Both took place while the king was away
46
What event of Henry’s foreign policy happened in August 1514? 7 points
After first French war Maximilian made peace with Louis XII of France so Henry follows suit, Henry received pension arrears due to his claim to the throne, Henry’s sister Mary marries Louis XII (wolseys arrangement), Henry had to liquidate fathers assets to pay for first French was, discontent due to taxation in Yorkshire, Henry loses French pension, tournai sold back to the French for less than the English had to pay to repairs the towns defences
47
When did Louis XII die?
1515, succeeded by Francis I
48
When did Ferdinand of Aragon die?
1516, succeeded by Charles I
49
When was the Treaty of London and what did this involve? 5 points
October 1518, brought peace between England and France. At same time Pope Leo X sent representative to England to mobilise a campaign against Ottomans (Turkish empire), Wolsey turns this idea into an international peace treaty between Francis I of France, HRE Maximilian, Charles I of Spain, the pope. Treaty did not last due to the death of Maximilian and Charles I of Spain’s succession as HRE Charles V (Francis and Charles fought each other over his election), Wolsey made papal legate (popes representative in England so he had control over the church and the king)
50
When was the Field of Cloth of Gold and what did this involve? 4 points
June 1520, Henry met with Francis I here close to Calais to build upon their friendship, magnificent two week long meeting which cost Henry a years revenue, Wolsey organised 6000 people to travel with and serve the king, France and England still at war two years later
51
Identify three reasons why Henry VIII’s foreign policy can be seen as a failure
Failed to achieve his primary goal which was to recover the French empire which had been conquered by Henry V, his high hopes were naive given how tiny is resources were compared to those of France, his foreign policy was often incoherent which allowed wily operators such as Ferdinand and Maximilian to manipulate him
52
What is the traditional view of Henry’s foreign policy?
It achieved few concrete gains and seemed to have been conducted for his allies benefit
53
Why did the Battle of the Spurs benefit Maximilian?
Therouanne was a French fortress which threatened Maximilian’s Burgundian territories, Tournai was a French enclave in burgundy
54
How did Ferdinand and Maximilian respond when Henry’s foreign policy benefited them?
Signed separate treaties with France
55
How was Henry VIII allied with emperor Charles V against Francis I?
In the 1523-25 campaign Henry did not capture Boulogne which would have strengthened England’s hold in the Calais pale but decided to conduct his campaign against Paris which served Charles Vs interests. Henry’s army cane within reach of Laris and get was forced to turn back because of Charles failures elsewhere
56
How was Charles unhelpful in his alliance with Henry? 3 ways
Refused to send troops to help Henry and rejected Henry’s plans to dismember France following Charles’ great victory over Francis I at Pavia in 1525, refused to honour his treaty promise to marry Henry’s daughter Mary
57
How expensive were Henry VIIIs wars? 6 points
Spent £960,000 in 1511-13, spent £430,000 in 1523-5, his ordinary income was only about £100,000 a year, Francis I and Charles V annual incomes totalled £350,000 and £560,000 respectively, Henry’s campaigns of 1511-14 were largely funded from the wealth his father had left, warfare mostly financed from extraordinary revenue (taxes and loans which had to be paid back out of ordinary revenue)
58
What was England’s tax base like?
Small because it’s population was small (2.5 million compared with Frances 14 million)
59
When and what was the Amicable Grant?
Wolsey tried to raise this in March 1525 which led to outright refusal in Kent and Norfolk and a full scale eevikt in Suffolk when 10,000 men converged on Lavenham, this grant was dropped in May 1525 and Wolseys further attempts to bypass parliament further ruined his relations with this key body
60
When did Wolsey fail to be elected pope?
Jan 1522, he only reluctantly agreed to be a candidate due to Henry encouraging him
61
What did Wolsey do in March 1522?
His military survey seeks to discover England’s military and taxable resources which leads to forced loans in 1522 and 1523
62
When was the Secret Treaty of Bruges signed and what did it involve?
August 1521 between Henry and Charles V, Henry promised to declare war on France if fighting continued until November 1521 and to mount a joint campaign with Charles V before May 1523, Henry's daughter was to marry Charles V
63
When were the five treaties collectively known as the Treaty of More signed and what 4 terms did it include?
30th August 1525 between Henry and French Interim government whilst Francis was still held prisoner, Wolsey negotiates that Henry would give up territorial claims in France in return for a French pension of £20,000 a year, France settled what was owed to Henry’s sister Mary the dowager queen of France, England agreed to secure the release of Francis from Charles, France agreed not to allow Albany to return to Scotland
64
Why did Henry assert his claim to the throne?
To justify his objective of occupying French territory and as a lever to extract concessions from the French. He was flexible regarding his claim to the French throne and used it as a negotiating device
65
How did Henry use his claim to the French throne as a negotiating device?
He agreed to forego further warfare in return for French hell in securing the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry and have a son
66
When was Francis I’s victory over the Swiss at Marignano and what did this result in?
1515 September, diplomatic isolation for Henry which resulted from the series of treaties Francis signed
67
When was the Anglo French amity created?
After the Peace of London of 1518 and the restoration of one of England’s bargaining counters, Tournai
68
Who did Wolsey persuade to agree to a non aggression pact under the aegis of Henry VIII?
Emperor Maximilian, Spain, Scotland, Venice, Leo X, host of others . For a while Henry VIII was arbiter of Europe and London was its foremost capital
69
What happened after the imperial elections of 1519? 4 points
Charles V combined his power as Holy Roman Emperor with his ruler ship of Spain and Burgundy, dynastic rivalry with Francis I enhanced, strengthened England’s bargaining position by creating a situation where both rivals wanted England as an ally, Wolsey negotiated with Charles V at Bruges (kept silent to French) whilst the Field of Cloth of Gold meeting was going on (aimed to put pressure on Charles V to get a better deal in a treaty)
70
How were English interests closely tied to those of Charles V?
Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon and England’s economy was reliant upon the Flanders cloth market
71
In what year did Charles V’s unpaid army sack Rome to ally with France?
1527
72
When was Boulogne captured?
1544 campaign, it fell easily into English hands in September. Henry had wanted to make Boulogne the main target of England’s military activities 1512-14 and 1522-23 but Wolsey persuaded him the importance of cooperating with allies
73
Why was 1525 a significant date in Henry’s foreign policy?
Marked the start of a reversal of alliances because Charles V has sailed to support Henry’s search for an annulment from pope clement VII to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he decided to turn his back on the Habsburg alliance, after 1526 Wolsey hoped to use French ambitions to destroy Habsburg power in itself and either break Charles V power over the pope or cajole the emperor into negotiations
74
When did Henry become sponsor of the anti Habsburg league of Cognac?
1526 May
75
When did a reluctant Henry find himself at war with Charles V and how did he act?
1528, the only accessible Habsburg target was England’s trading partner burgundy, Wolsey wanted to avoid military action so determined a trade embargo on low counties in January 1528 as the means to force Charles into negotiations
76
Why was England so reliant on the Flanders cloth markets in the 1520s?
The third worst harvest of the sixteenth century in 1527, widespread unemployment resulting from the cessation of the cloth trade, this led to widespread trouble in the south east and south west and east Anglia between March and may
77
When and what was the Ladies Peace of Cambrai?
Achieved in august 1529 thanks to the diplomacy of Margaret of Austria regent of the Netherlands and Louise of Savoy Francis I’s mother. Between Francis I and Charles V
78
When and how did Wolsey fall from power?
Charged with praemunire and surrenders the Great Seal in October 1529, arrested on charge of treason in November 1530 and died in Leicester en route from York to the tower
79
How did Louis XII respond to the pope's attempts to create a league against him?
Summoned a General Council of the Church to Pisa, this challenged the power of the Pope but helped Henry unite his council behind war.
80
What was the Auld Alliance?
Alliance between France and Scotland
81
What was Henry's aims with Scotland?
It was a low priority in his foreign policy as he did not intend to dominate it but to neutralise it
82
Who did Louis XII marry and when?
Henry's younger sister Mary in October 1914
83
What were Henrys biggest successes of his foreign policy?
By the end of 1914 he had one sister as Queen of France and the other as Queen regent of Scotland, Louis XII forced to acknowledge Henry's claim to the throne
84
By which point was Henry's treasury almost empty?
End of 1514 but his territorial gains were insignificant
85
How was Wolsey rewarded by Henry?
Rewarded with bishoprics of Tournai and Lincoln in 1513 and the next year Wolsey gave up Lincoln in return for the archbishopric of York and in 1515 Henry appointed him Lord Chancellor
86
How powerful was Wolsey with regards to foreign policy?
His advice and organisational skills were important but no crucial decision could be made by him alone: all papers concerning war and diplomacy had Henry's hand on
87
What is Professor Scarisbrick's view of Wolsey's policy?
Genuine attempt to bring about peace, the fact England was at war twice during Wolsey's time of political ascendancy reveals that his policy failed
88
When was the friendship between France and England ended?
Louis XII death on the last day of 1514, Mary Tudor returned to England as wife of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk
89
When and what was the battle of Marignano?
September 1515, Francis I defeated the renowned Swiss infantry and won Milan
90
What did Wolsey do after the battle of Marignano?
Speedily concluded an Anglo-Spanish treaty and dispatched Richard Pace as an envoy to hire Swiss troops who would fight alongside Maximilian and free Milan
91
What consequence did the death of Ferdinand have? 3 points
January 1516. Archduke Charles of Burgundy succeded him and did not renew the treaty with England but signed instead the Treaty of Noyon (1516) with French king. Maximilian concluded the Peace of Cambrai in 1517 with France. France demonstrated hostility to Henry so Wolsey had to repair relations with her in 1517
92
How did Francis I demonstrate hostility towards Henry?
Allowed the Duke of Albany, heir presumtpive to the Scottish throne, to leave France and stir up trouble in Scotland
93
What was the Pope's role in 1521?
Frightened by the westward advance of the Ottoman Turks, he despatched legates to the Empire, Spain, France and England to arrange for a five year truce among Christian princes and a crusade against the Turks. Cardinal Campeggio was legate for England
94
What happened with Wolsey and Campeggio?
Campeggio denied admission to england until Leo made Wolsey co-legate with him. Wolsey continually upstaged Campeggio to take over the role of chief legate, wolsey transformed the papal truce into an international treaty under his presidency
95
When was the second French War and what role did Charles V play?
May 1522-1525. Charles was focused on situation in Northern Italy at the time (winning the battle of La Biocca) so provided no support for English troops who were making ineffective raids into Picardy
96
What did the Duke of Bourbon do during the Second French War?
One of the greatest French noblemen took up arms against Francis so the possibility of a triple attack (Spain England and the Duke) opened up, Duke of Suffolk marched to Paris with 11,000 men on 24th August 1523 but the 5000 troops Netherlands were meant to send never came and neither did the 20,000 under Charles and Bourbon failed to gather support
97
When and what was the battle of Pavia?
24th February 1525. 10,000 French soldiers killed and Francis I was trapped under his horse and captured in northern Italy by imperial forces of the HRE. Henry tried to capitalise on the crushing defeat of the French by suggesting to Charles they launch a joint invasion in northern France in order to gain territory but Charles refused to partition France
98
What events of Henry VIIIs foreign policy occurred in 1527?
Henry decided he wanted to separate from Catherine of Aragon, in may Charles V sacked Rome and took Pope Clement II prisoner which meant there was little possibility of persuading the pope to grant Henry an annulment (Catherine of Aragon was Charles V aunt)
99
When do England and France declare war on Charles V? 4 points
Under the April 1527 treaty of Westminster Henry and Francis agreed to join forces to attack Charles, under the August 1527 treaty of Amiens England agreed to pay for the French attack, Wolsey suspended trade in the Netherlands before war to use it as a tool to force Charles to agree to the annulment but there were protests by cloth workers in England so a truce was made with the Netherlands in June 1528, Charles V victorious at battle of Landriano in June 1529 due to disease among Francis troops
100
When did the pope make peace with Charles?
In the treaty of Barcelona then Francis followed suit with the Peace of Cambria in August 1529
101
What did Henry need to break away from the Catholic Church and achieve his annulment?
Allies against catholic Spain and France. Many princes in north Germany (part of HRE) had turned to Lutheranism to maintain their independence from Catholic HRE Charles V by creating the Schmalkaldic league in 1531 and they were looking for Protestant allies and Cromwell (Henry’s minister) made attempts to ally with the league but nothing was achieved with regard to an ally against Spain and France
102
What did Francis and Henry so in 1532?
Met at Calais where Henry tried to shore up his position by making a fragile alliance with France who was already in a weak position so they could put little pressure on Charles V
103
What happened when Earl of Kildare was dismissed?
In 1534 there was a major rebellion led by Thomas Fitzgerald Earl of Ossory which was difficult and expensive to suppress
104
When and what was the Truce of Nice?
Between Charles and France ended hostilities and left Turin in French hands with no significant changes in the map of Italy, fear that Spain and France may invade England with support from the pope
105
When did Gaelic Lords invade the Pale and what happened afterward?
1539 and two of these were Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell, government eventually regained control and tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as a separate kingdom in 1541, some Gaelic Lords received peerage titles and Irish were entitled to the same legal protection as their English counterparts, government lacked resources to follow through on the reforms so there was no residual Irish loyalty to the crown
106
When and why did Henry VIII declare war on Scotland?
1542 because Henry VIII had arranged to meet Scottish king James V at York and James did not turn up, Scots were heavily defeated in the battle of Solway Moss
107
What happened after the battle of Solway Moss? 4 points
James V died and left one week old Mary as his heir whom Henry VIII wanted to marry to his five year old son Edward, they were formally betrothed under the treaty of Greenwich July 1543, the Earl of Arran (Scottish regent) deserted the English cause and Scottish parliament refused to give formal consent to the treaty in December 1543 because the treaty did not mention the renunciation of the Franco Scottish alliance, Henry ordered the Earl of Hertford to carry out a raid on Edinburgh and Leith and St Andrews
108
When was the third French war and what did it involve? 4 points
1542-6. In 1543 an Anglo imperial alliance made and agreed to attack France within two years but this was delayed until 1544 due to events in Scotland, in June 1544 Henry sailed to Calais with 48,000 men and split his forces instead of marching on Paris with Charles like the plan, Norfolk unsuccessfully attacked Montreuil, Henry besieged Boulogne
109
How did abandoning Charles in 1544 backfire on Henry? 3 points
Charles made a settlement with Francis at Crepy meaning France was now free to turn its desires on England and sent French troops to Scotland, the English were initially defeated by the Scottish in February 1545 at the battle of Ancrum Moor and when the French landed on the Isle of Wight Henry’s flagship the Mary Rose sank in the river solent, French failed to recapture Boulogne in 1545 and invasion of northern England never materialised
110
When was the Treaty of Ardres signed and what did this involve?
June 1546, Henry able to hold onto Boulogne, France agreed to pay all outstanding pensions
111
How did Henry pay for the third French war?
financed by the dissolution of the monasteries, debasement of the coinage, large scale borrowing on the Antwerp money market
112
How much did each of the French wars cost?
1488-92 Henry VII war against France cost £108,000, 1512 Henry VIII's First French War cost £892,000, 1422-25 Henry VIII's Second French War cost £401,000, 1542-6 Henry's Third French War cost £2,144,765
113
How did Henry's French pension change over time? 7 points
Pension started in 1475 when Louis XI agreed to pay Edward IV £10,000, in 1492 Charles VIII agreed to pay Henry VII £10,000 per annum, 1512 pension stopped due to French War, 1518 pension increased and again in 1525, Henry VIII to receive £21,316 in 1527, pension arrears £205,379 in 1542, the total paid by the French during Henry's reign was £730,379
114
Why was England irrelevant to most central issues of Europe such as Milan?
Its geographical position at the edge of Europe
115
Describe the Mediterranean during Henry VIII's reign
Dominated by the Ottomans' allies, the Corsair pirates, led by Barbarossa. The movement of goods, troops and bullion was risky that worried Charles V's territories of Spain and Italy. Ottoman advance was also extending over North Africa so Charles led campaigns against them here
116
Describe the dispute over Milan
Milan was technically the property of the Sforza family but its strategic and dynastic importance led Charles and Francis to fight over it
117
Describe Naples during Henry VIII's reign
Taken by Spain in 1504, claimed by the French who invaded in 1494, 1512, 1524 and 1528
118
Describe Hungary during Henry VIII's reign
At the end of the sixteenth century the Jagiellons of Hungary were the most powerful and important royal family in Europe in terms of land control and agriculture. Charles V's brother Ferdinand of Austria married into this family and in 1526 inherited vast areas of Hungary bringing them into greater conflict with the Ottomans whose empire was right next to Hungary
119
Which people became dukes under Henry VII’s reign?
In 1509 the Duke of Buckingham was the only hereditary duke in the kingdom but by 1514 Thomas Howard was restored to the Duchy of Norfolk and Charles Brandon has been created Duke of Suffolk
119
Describe Wolseys background
Son of a butcher born in 1472/3 who was educated at Magdalen college in Oxford and became Bursar of the College and Master of the school attached to the college, he gained advancement through the Marquis of Dorset, he became chaplain to Henry VII in 1507 and chaplain and almoner to Henry VIII in 1509
119
Describe Wolseys rise to power
1509 appointed by Henry VIII as almoner (came with an automatic seat on royal council), In 1514 he became Bishop of Tournai and of Lincoln and Archbishop of York, in September 1515 he became a cardinal and was appointed Lord Chancellor, he was appointed as Papal Légate on a temporary basis in 1518 and for life in 1524 which gave him control over the English church and primacy over the Archbishop of Canterbury
120
Why did people view Wolsey negatively?
He held lots of positions in the church for the revenues that they would bring him, he did not visit his diocese of York until his fall from power in 1528, A F Pollard in 1929 wrote that he subordinated English foreign policy to the interests of the papacy due to his ambition to become pope
121
What role did Wolsey have in the courts?
After his appointment as Lord Chancellor in December 1515 he presided over the court of chancery and sat as a judge in the court of the star chamber several times a week. Over 9000 cases brought to courts during Wolseys time in power (about 120 each year to the court of the Star chamber compared with 12 during Henry VIIs reign)
122
Why was England’s geographical position crucial in the rivalry between Francis I and Charles V?
The natural route for Charles from Spain to the Low Countries was by sea through the English Channel so it would be easy for Henry to assist or disrupt his communications
123
When was Tournai returned to France and what did Henry get in return?
4th October 1518 (2 days after treaty of London) for 600,000 crowns and that Mary Henry’s daughter should marry the son of the French king (the Dauphin) and Wolsey received a pension of 12,000 livres
124
What did Henry do on 26th May 1520?
Met briefly with Charles on his way from Spain to the low counties but the meeting was brief because Henry was about to embark for the field of the cloth of gold (no mans land between Calais and French territory), he conferred again with Charles after parting with Francis on 23rd June
125
What did the meeting at Calais involve?
On 2nd August Wolsey sailed for Calais to obtain a peace settlement between France and the emperor but on 14th August Wolsey travelled to Bruges to negotiate the treaty of Bruges with Charles which committed England to war with France if fighting continued (Francis had captured Navarre from Spain in summer 1521) and Mary Tudor was to marry Charles instead of the French kings son
126
What was Wolseys role in the courts?
After being appointed as Lord Chancellor in December 1515 he presided over the court of chancery and he sat as a judge in the court of star chamber several times a week, 9000 cases were brought before the two courts including 120 cases a year brought to the star chamber compared with only a dozen in the reign of Henry VII, overflow courts had to be established
127
Why was the friendship in 1532 between Francis and Henry short lived?
Francis was looking for a new ally to take up arms against the emperor but also trying to win over the pope at the same time. In October 1533 he met the pope at marseilles where the marriage was arranged between Francis son Henry the Duke of Orleans and the Popes nieve Catherine de’Medici. None of this benefitted Henry Tudor but he gained the services of Teo French cardinals presenting his case in Rome and Francis managed to get the papal sentence of excommunication delayed
128
Why did negotiations between Henry and the Schmalkaldic league fail?
The league agreed there would be no political agreement without a religious agreement aswell but Henry could not commit to Protestantism of Luther
129
Why was Henry in a good position in 1536? 4 reasons
Death of duke of Milan in 1535 set off argument between Charles and Francis over who should succeed him, death of Catherine of Aragon in jan removed source of tension between henry and Charles, Cromwell able to inform English envoys in France that they could now afford to be less conciliatory towards France, after the execution of Anne Boleyn there seemed a chance of reconciliation between Charles and Henry
130
What marriage plans did Henry try to make after the death of Jane Seymour?
She died in 1537 and for a year Henry put in bids for a wife to both the French and Habsburg camps. However the widowed daughter of the Duke of Guise married James V of Scotland. Charles niece Christina the 16 year old widow of the Duke of Milan had doubts about Henry’s marital records and there were difficulties in the conditions he demanded
131
What was the Pope doing in 1538?
Preparing to publish the Bull of excommunication against Henry and sent Cardinal Reginald Pole on a mission to encourage Charles and Francis to take up arms against England. Cardinal Beaton was sent to Scotland on the same errand
132
How did Henry VIII prepare for an imminent invasion in 1539? 5 points
In early February he ordered a surgery of the kingdoms defences, refurbished/built fortifications, financed by the dissolution of the monasteries and using materials from them, he built up the navy from seven ships that his father had to over forty and put it on a war footing and held a muster of the county militias, in may 16,500 soldiers marched through London and paraded before the king at a review at his palace of St James
133
What happened when Henry tried for a second time to make negotiations with the Schmalkaldic league?
In January 1539 he sent ambassadors there hoping to dissuade them from coming to an agreement with the emperor and asking for a delegation to come to England for further talks who arrived but talks came to nothing, the act of six articles in June showed that any religious settlement was possible
134
Describe the Cleves marriage negotiations
January 1539 negotiations opened with Duke of Cleves about a marriage with his daughter Anne. The duke was in dispute with the emperor, had recently broken with Rome but had not adopted Lutheranism despite being connected by marriage to German Protestants. Agreement signed in October and marriage took place January 1540 despite Henry’s personal aversion because Francis and Charles were very close at this time
135
How were Francis and Charles close in 1539/40?
Francis gave permission to Charles to cross France on his way to deal with a revolt in the Netherlands and the two rulers met in Paris on the same day Henry met Anne for the first time. In February 1540 the duke of Norfolk went on an embassy to France and Henry was reassured the two rulers were growing apart again so he could safely set aside his new queen without jeopardising his security
136
When and what were the treaties of Greenwich?
July 1543 called for peace between England and Scotland after the battle of Solway moss when James V died leaving Mary (six weeks old) on the throne and arranged for the future marriage of Mary and Edward
137
What did the Earl of Hertford do in Scotland?
In may 1544 led an expedition into Scotland which resulted in the burning of Edinburgh and the devastation of much of the lowlands, led another raid of the same kind in late 1545 and in the following year Cardinal Beaton (a leading member of the French party in Scotland) was murdered
138
What did AF Pollard day about Wolseys foreign policy?
His change in attitudes towards other European powers coincided with a change in the policy of the papal Curia due to his desire for a cardinals hat, a nomination as legatus a lagetere and his ambition to become pope
139
How does Guy disagree with AF Pollards interpretation of Wolsey?
Wolsey neither visited Italy to build up English votes there or ingratiate himself with the papal Curia nor showed particular deference to the pope. Charles V was the one who planted the idea in his head of becoming pope and Henry VIII encouraged this
140
When did Charles V release Francis I from captivity and on what terms?
February 1526 on the condition he abandoned his claims to Italy and burgundy and surrendered the Dauphin and his second son as hostages pending fulfilment of the treaty of Madrid
141
How did Francis I break the treaty of Madrid?
Assembled a league of Italian states to oppose the imperial domination of Italy (league of cognac) which was cemented by the treaty of Cognac in May 1526, Wolsey saw this as an inexpensive investment to revive his role of honest broker
142
Describe peace at Amiens
Eternal peace declared between France and England in April 1527, in July Wolsey headed a lavish embassy to France which met Francis I at Amiens where a fresh set of peace treaties were signed. Princess Mary pledges to marry duke of Orleans and it was agreed that war would be declared on Charles if he declined final requests for peace
143
Which month in 1528 did Henry find himself at war with Charles and what impact did this have?
January. England’s wool and cloth exports were disrupted despite the truce Wolsey successfully negotiated with the Netherlands. Rioting cloth workers in 1528, failed harvest in 1527 saw wheat prices at their highest level for 60 years
144
What were Wolseys main aims in foreign policy? 5 points
The French wars provided the opportunity for him to establish himself as the kings minister because he was made responsible for supplying and equipping Henry’s armies, he conducted foreign policy in the interests of the papacy due to his desire to become pope (arguably this idea was just put into his head by Charles V and encouraged by Henry VIII), motivated by the desire to be a peacemaker because war was the quickest way to lose money but also because he was inspired by humanist ideals, aimed to carry out Henry’s wishes to the best of his ability, could expect to receive honours from the pope if he proved his utility to the Holy See
145
Why is the idea that Wolsey conducted foreign policy in the interests of the papacy no longer accepted?
In 1518 he hijacked the popes plans for a pan European peace and turned them into the treaty of London and ignored the popes plans for a crusade against the Turks, Wolsey did not build up a party of supporters in the Chris in Rome
146
Why did Henry decide to side with Charles in 1523? 3 reasons
Henry had failed to produce a male heir but a marriage between Charles (most powerful ruler in Europe) and his daughter would ensure stability in the event of Mary’s accession, papacy has made an anti French alliance with Charles and Henry was under pressure from the pope and Wolsey (who wanted his temporary légate ship confirmed for permanency) to do the same, alliance offered Henry opportunity for territorial gains in France
147
What was Wolseys role in administration?
He took over Henry VIIs role as supervisor of royal administration and used his personal household officials to conduct government business just as Henry VII had used his chamber servants, certain informal posts introduced by Henry VII were given official status by act of parliament
148
How did Wolsey respond to factional struggles?
Twice proposed reform of the royal household (men who personally attended the king daily while Wolsey laboured in Westminster) in 1519 and 1526. The 1526 reforms called the eltham ordinances and in the wake of the amicable grant and sought to remove members of the noble faction who were opposed to Wolseys pro French foreign policy, reduced the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber from 12 to 6
149
Why is Wolsey thought to have ‘destroyed’ Duke of Buckingham? 4 points
Henry VIII ordered Wolsey to spy on Buckingham and four other nobles whose loyalty Henry doubted , Wolsey found evidence Buckingham was adopting the trappings of monarchy such as royal badges on his personal effects and took an armed force with him to collect rents despite royal instructions, a servant said Buckingham prophesied Henry’s death and his succession, the court that condemned Buckingham was presided over by duke of Norfolk not Wolsey
150
What was the only major reform in local government under Wolsey?
Reorganisation of the councils in the north of England and the marches which were nominally headed by duke of Richmond and Princess Mary respectively, staffed mostly by Wolseys placemen and their task was to keep an eye on the aristocracy in these lawless regions unwilling to accept instructions from London
151
Why did Wolsey have bad relations with parliament during his ministry?
Wolsey attacked the anticlericalism of the house of commons in 1515 parliament and the 1523 meeting he used bullying tactics to overcome opposition to taxation
152
When and what was the subsidy?
1513, a new form of taxation which took account of the amount people could actually pay and penetrated further down the social scale than was customary. The 1523 parliament made the highest grant of taxation of any parliament in early 16th century although it was to be paid in instalments over four years
153
How much did Wolsey raise in direct taxes and clerical taxes?
1513-27 raised £413,000 in direct taxes and 1515-29 raised £240,000 in clerical taxes by using his control of the church
154
How did Wolsey solve the problem of legal cases taking too long to resolve and being too expensive?
Increased the role of prerogative courts which used ‘equity’ based on common sense and what seemed fair. By the Middle Ages the kings councillors sat as judges (chief among them the Lord chancellor), Wolsey used the new law of the star chamber and encouraged use of the court of chancery and established the court of requests
155
Why and how did Wolsey attack those who enclosed common land or converted arable land to pasture or parkland?
He believed enclosures were responsible for rural unemployment and depopulation, large number of beggars, food shortages and inflation. He punished over 200 landowners through the court of chancery but in the early 1520s he was forced to drop his attack on enclosures in an attempt to appease parliament
156
Who did Wolsey try to improve conditions for the poor?
In 1518 fixed poultry prices and investigated high cost of other meats in London, used the star chamber to attack traders who took excessive profits, during the bad harvest of 1527 he ordered JPs to buy up surplus grain and sell it cheap to the needy
157
How did Wolsey do little to reform the church from within? 3 points
Planned a thorough reform of the bishoprics in England and Ireland but never instituted his proposals, exhorted the monastic clergy to embark on a programme of reform in 1519 but didn’t enforce the issue, refused to let others initiate reforms for fear of losing influence
158
Why did Henry VIII remind Wolsey and Archbishop Wareham that the interests of the crown were more important than those of the church?
They lobbied for the dismissal of the anti clerical parliament in 1515
159
What positive action did Wolsey take regarding the church?
1524-27 suppressed some thirty decayed monasteries to found a grammar school in Ipswich and a college in oxford, sponsored lectures in classics and theology at Oxford by leading humanists of the day such as Juan Luis Vives, 1528 took steps to limit benefit of clergy
160
How did Wolsey annoy Henry in 1538?
Refused to confirm the appointment of a woman who king supported to the post of abbess of Wilton
161
How did Wolsey use his power to make money out of the clergy? 4 points
Episcopal sees and abbacies were left vacant so Wolsey could enjoy their revenues, bishops and abbots could not take up their posts unless confirmed by Wolsey for a price, probate revoked from bishop courts to Wolseys legatine court so he could take the legal fees, every benefice in the land subject to an entry fee payable to Wolsey and he maintained a large number of officials who enforced his financial rights
162
Why was Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon a failure?
No surviving sons produced, Anglo imperial friendship destroyed
163
How was Wolsey put in a difficult position by Henry’s decision to marry Anne Boleyn? 3 reasons
French princess would be more suitable due to restoration of relations with France in 1526, Anne’s family related to duke of Norfolk and the 3rd duke of Norfolk was a rival opposed to Wolseys pro French foreign policy, Anne Boleyn favoured the ideas of the continental reformers and regarded Wolseys rule of the church with contempt
164
Why did Henry’s divorce case fail? 3 reasons
He and Catherine had a daughter, Henry overlooked the fact he wanted to marry a woman with whose sister he was known to have had an affair, Henry dismissed the popes right to grant dispensations in cases like his and ignored Wolseys advice to argue that the pope did indeed have the power to dispense but the wrong dispensation had been granted because of Catherine’s virginity
165
How was Catherine of Aragon in a weak position by end of 1526? 5 points
Catherine was several years older than Henry and her physical appearance had been affected by many unsuccessful pregnancies, she was introverted and devout due to the pressure of having a son, only had a daughter Mary who was not seen as a viable successor to the throne and the Pole family may be persuaded to remember distant claims on the crown of the Tudor’s appeared shaky, Catherine became a diplomatic liability to a king who was turning away from the old alliance with spain, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn (arrived at court 1st March 1522) who was intelligent and young and refused to sleep with Henry unless they were married
166
How did the sack of Rome affect Henry’s chances of getting an annulment from the pope?
afraid of offending Charles V the pope determined to refuse the divorce but didn’t want to drive Henry into the arms of the Lutheran’s so refused as slow as possible hoping the problem would resolve itself over time, sent cardinal campesino to try the case alongside Wolsey in may 1529 with secret orders to refer the case to Rome if Catherine objected to it being heard in England which she did in July
167
How did Wolsey fall from power after the failure to gain an annulment? 5 points
Anne Boleyn and duke of Norfolk convinced Henry that Wolsey had not done everything he could to decree the divorce so he was dismissed as chancellor in October 1529, forced to reside in his see in York, kept contact with imperial and French agents in the hour they would urge Henry to reinstate him, Wolseys enemies at court told Henry Wolsey was using his resources as Archbishop to ‘raise Yorkshire in a violent bid for power’, he was arrested on 4th November 1530 and died in Leicester on the 30th on his way to face trial
168
How did Wolsey become Lord Chancellor?
In 1515 Warham resigned after pressure from Wolsey and his old age prevented him effectively arguing against Wolsey who was much younger than him so Henry Viii appointed Wolsey in his place
169
How did Wolsey benefit from Bishop Fox’s retirement?
In 1516 fox became too old to be in charge of the privy seal so this gave Wolsey the opportunity to get control of the deal by giving it to one of his supporters
170
What did Wolsey do to the Gentlemen of the Chamber?
They were close friends of Henry and were given official status in 1518 and so Wolsey frequently sent them on diplomatic missions abroad and even secured their expulsion from court in 1519
171
How religious were people in 1509? 7 points
Everyone is catholic unless you are a heretic (someone who has a different view to the church and is burnt as punishment), believe in seven sacraments, mass conducted in Latin, believe in transubstantiation, believe in heaven/hell/purgatory, intercession to saints/pilgrimages/shrines, doctrine of indulgences
172
How many monks and nuns were there in 1509?
10,000 monks and 2000 nuns, 900 communities in 1500
173
What are Lollards? 10 points
Followers of John Wycliffe in the 14th century. Opposed the emphasis on sacraments and saints, claimed the bible should be available to laymen as well as churchmen as it was the word of god (only sure basis of life), claimed that the king should take charge of church affairs, rejected transubstantiation. Little support/hope of denting power of Catholic Church and were confined to areas close to London, largest group in the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire, Bishop Longland of Lincoln (whose diocese covered this area) heard some 350cases against Lollards, five burnt for heresy in 1511-12, no national organisation or agreed faith
174
Give 5 examples of challenges to the church before 1529
1513 Thomas Denys burned at the stake for English bible, 1518 Bishop of Lincoln found 400 Lollards, some calls for inward reform of church to review wealth of papacy/lack of spiritual care/better education of laity, Colet (humanist) 1511 sermon challenged ambition and greed of the clergy, 1516 Erasmus published a Greek text of bible in the renaissance (church wanted everything in Latin though)
175
What did Luther believe? 5 points
He undermined position and role of church/clergy, church and traditions got in the way of scripture, rejected doctrine not in scripture eg purgatory, popular in communities in Oxford and Cambridge (Tyndales English Bible created in 1526), printing revolution helped spread his ideas
176
What did Henry do against Luther?
1521 wrote Assertio Septum Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) written by Henry VIII against Luther and dedicated to Pope Leo X
177
Identify the four types of opposition to the church
Anticlericalism (criticism of the personnel of the church both high and low), antipapalism (idea that pope was not the head of the church with full powers over it), Erastianism (idea that king was supreme head or protector of church not the pope in Rome, ideas put forward by Italian theorist Marsiglio of Padua in ‘Defensor Pacis’ who was excommunicated), heresy (individuals and groups who questioned some of Catholic Church’s main teachings and doctrines)
178
What was Colet’s sermon?
In 1511 John Colet, humanist scholar and Dean of St Paul’s, preached a sermon before assembled clergy in Convocation (solemn official meeting of the clergy in Canterbury or York) and attacked major problems/abuses within the church eg the fact too many clergy who served the church were unduly ambitious and had too much interest in worldly affairs.
179
How did the church react to Colet’s sermon?
It was the type of sermon the convocation may expect to hear and the strength of Colet’s critique helped to ensure no serious reform of the clergy was attempted. Proof that the church always contained reforming spirits who wanted to see change
180
What was the Church like at the time of Colet’s sermon?
The secular clergy were expected to minister to laymen and it had always been difficult for even the most committed churchmen to decide how to work in the secular and fallen world without being tainted by it. This dilemma produced monasticism (attempt to withdraw from the world and devote oneself to life of devotion, contemplation, prayer). King appointed top churchmen or prelates and bishops/abbots/priors/archbishops (expected them to work for him in central government not their diocese) and used the church’s wealth and growing lands as a source of patronage
181
Describe absenteeism during Henry VIIIs reign in 8 points
Many English bishops did not reside in their diocese eg Wolsey did not visit York minister until his fall from power, Richard Fox often absent on state business in the kings council, see of Worcester not occupied by four successive Italians between 1497 and 1534, army of church officials and clergy got on with daily church business, absent bishops appointed suffragen bishops as deputies to carry out their episcopal functions, each bishopric had archdeacons and deans, each bishop had his own chancellor and other clerical officials, Richard Fox and Archbishop Wareham decided to retire from court to focus on episcopal (relating to bishop) matters
182
Give an example of pluralism during Henry VIIIs reign
Thomas Magnus was Archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire and acquired canonries in Yorkshire/Lincoln/Windsor at same time, Master of St Leonards Hospital in York, Master of the College of St Sepulchre and of Sibthorpe College, vicar of Kendal and rector of Kirkby/Bedale/Sessay. Devoted servant to Henry VIII who served at times in his pricy council and the council of the north. Eccelestical tasks did not go undone because benefice holders were pluralists
183
Describe simony during Henry VIIIs reign in 3 points
Church closely linked to the government so there were complaints that clergy had bought their office, most bishops were civil lawyers at this time and some were canon lawyers but few were trained theologians, most were good administrators and there were no notable scandals associated with bishops except Wolseys pluralism and illegitimate children
184
Describe the state of the parish clergy during Henry VIIIs reign in 3 points
Many parish clergy were relatively poor so educated men avoided such positions, many parish priests had only limited education and many had no real understanding of Latin (language of scriptures), in wealthier parishes the priest may he more educated due to growing number of colleges in oxford and Cambridge
185
Who was William Melton?
Wrote a ‘Sermo Exhortatorius’ (an Exhortation) in 1510, he was chancellor of York minister and this book complained too many priests were rude and ignorant
186
What was the Hunne Case? 5 points
December 1514 Richard Hunne (tailor and Freeman in London who’s been in dispute with his local church in and off for three years) found dead in a church cell in Lollards tower in old St. Paul’s, under suspicion of heresy as some heretical books had been found in his home, one clergymen and two gaolers accused of the murder but never brought to trial (seen as church protecting its own), hunnes body burnt at Smithfield, no riots against the church on hunnes behalf
187
When was the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII declared null and void?
23rd May 1533
188
What was Henry and Catherine of Aragon’s marriage like in the beginning? 3 points
Chivalric: in 1513 Henry had raced gone in advance of his army to present his queen with the keys to tournai and Therouanne. He involved Catherine in agaches if stage publicly and listened to her advice privately. Henry had ludicrously few extramarital affairs and only one illegitimate son (Henry Fitzroy) and another child was suspected of being a royal bastard (William Carey).
189
Why wasn’t Henry and Catherine of Aragon’s marriage valid in the first place?
Henry and Catherine were in laws which was a scandalous marriage according to the church, Henry and Catherine related by ‘affinity’ (relationship established by sexual Intercourse) because Catherine and Arthur had possibly consummated their marriage - the prohibition of marriage between persons related by affinity was based not on human law or contract but on scripture
190
When were Henry and Catherine of Aragon betrothed and when was the marriage made official?
Pope Julius granted a dispensation for the impediment of affinity in 1503 although Catherine claimed her marriage to Arthur had not been consummated, marriage made official 11th June 1509
191
Who was Thomas More?
Humanist scholar and friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam (most famous critic of the church), Henry’s humanist favourite at court who replaced Wolsey as chancellor in 1529 when the king was in dispute with the church over his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and he gave reformers their head, humanists like More were horrified by the attack on the church as they supported reform not reformation
192
How strength were anti papal views in Germany and England?
In Germany the reformation was stimulated by antipapalism and German nationalism, many German city states and princes felt that the pope and church were exploiting them, Lutherans believed the Pope was not the spiritual head of the church. In England Pope was a remote and powerless figure and there was no dramatic sense of English nationalism
193
Describe Wolsey’s role as Papal Legate in 7 points
Opposition to Wolsey meant opposition to the Pope but wolseys legateship engendered a greater sense of unity among the bishops, Wolsey could grant licenses and dispensations so sped up cases which would not need to go to Rome, could take charge of wills and granting of probate but usually sold this right back to the bishops, Wolsey had useful patronage at his disposal to keep people deferential, bishops appointed during wolseys legateship were well qualified eg Tunstall, Wolsey did not take over Kings right to nominate men for high office, in 1518 wolseys proposed candidate for the see of St Asaph in Wales (William Bolton) rejected by the king in favour of Henry Standish
194
Describe Wolsey as humanist in 7 points
Not in favour of an English bible, associated a vernacular bible with Lollards and Lutherans, in 1522 Luther translated the New Testament into German, William Tyndale produced an English testament in 1526, in response to the appearance of this work Wolsey organised a raid of London steelyard (hotbed of Lutheran heretics), wolsey converted church wealth to educational ends (humanist demand) eg funded public lectureshios at Oxford taken up by reputable humanists and encouraged clergy to preach sermons in English
195
How did Wolsey deal with Lutheranism?
In 1521 held a conference at Oxford and Cambridge theologians to speak out against heresy, presided over a public bonfire of Luther’s books at St Paul’s cross where bishop fisher preached against Luther’s errors, this happened again in 1526, Wolsey persuaded king to write against the German heresy and he wrote ‘Assertio Septum Sacramentorum’
196
What was the position of the king in church?
King protected the church which was free of lay interference and was governed spiritually by the pope, pope unlikely to interfere spiritually with the English church as catholic doctrine and practice need not be changed, pope accepted that the king controlled most aspects of the English church and its government including appointments to the highest ecclesiastical positions
197
Describe privileges of the church courts
Church law courts ran according to canon law. Under Henry VII and VIII parliament attacked benefit of the clergy, benefit allowed men who were accused of crimes who claimed to be in holy orders to be tried in a church court where punishments were lighter, parliament attacked rights of sanctuary
198
Describe the Standish case in 4 points
Friar Standish, backed by parliament, attacked benefit of clergy in 1515 and was attacked by bishops. King called in to give his verdict which opened up a serious debate about the power of the church and of the state. King effected a compromise but reminded his audience that English kings were subject to no earthly superior and the king was in charge of the English church. In 1514 the pope issued a decree declaring that no layman had authority over a churchman
199
Describe Lutheranism in England
Group of Cambridge scholars and churchmen who took an interest in Lutheran ideas - the white horse group, most later burnt at the stake. None of nobility became Lutheran, plenty of men supported the church’s campaign against heresy eg Sir Thomas More who attacked Lutheranism in a book in 1526, wrote A Dialogue Concerning Heresies (attack on tyndale), produced his ‘Supplication of Souls’ in 1529 (an answer to Simon Fish’s supplication of the beggars)
200
Describe the state of the monasteries during Henry VIII’s reign in 7 points
Martin Luther’s was an Augustinian monk and Robert Barnes (burnt as Lutheran in 1540) was an Augustinian friar, monks/nuns/friars’ daily routine was prayer and contemplation and education, around 12,000 regulars in 1520s of which 2000 were nuns, some houses had over 100 inmates but the average was 10-12, monasteries played too great a role in secular affairs as most houses were major landowners and employed servants to cultivate their land and supplied priests to churches, Hailes Abbey was centre of pilgrimage and said to own some of Christ’s blood, pilgrimage of grace in 1536 was a vast demonstration of popular support for monasteries as they were threatened with destruction and opposition to monasteries was limited in 1520s
201
Describe Church building in the 1520s
Men poured money into church buildings, church vestments and church ornaments. The new steeple on the church in Louth took fifteen years to complete and cost £305
202
Describe Catholic literature in the 1520s in 4 points
Before 1530 printing presses in England produced more conservative literature than Protestant of anti clerical, Richard Whitford's 'A Work For Householders' was a handbook of practical family religion from 1530, William Bond's 'The Pilgrimage of Perfection' popular from 1526, his 'The Directory of Conscience' popular from 1527, 'The Primer' (Medieval Collection of Latin and English devotional works for use at home or in church) sold 37 editions 1501-20 and 41 editions 1521-1530
203
Describe evidence of wills before the Reformation in 4 points
JJ Scarisbrick studied 2500 wills 1500-50 of which most included something to be given to religious causes, chantries/fraternities/religious guilds enjoyed reasonable health, meant that many families invested heavily in traditional catholicism, this could be habit not heart felt support for the church but it shows that people did not view the church as corrupt
204
Describe visitations before the Reformation in 5 points
1530 new Bishop of London John Stokesley conducted a personal examination of the curates in his see, Cardinal Morton made a visitation of Suffolk in 1499 investigating 489 parishes but only found 8 allegations of sexual laxity among priests there, 1511-12 Archbishop Warham made a visitation of 260 Kentish parishes where Church buildings and church services investigated but only 4 priests found to be ignorant, 1514-21 1000 parishes investigated in the huge diocese of Lincoln, visitations were evidence that the church tried to reform itself but the church was not under attack from a disgruntled laity because although there were disputes about tithes they were not very common
205
What did Wolsey do in May 1527?
Called the king before a secret tribunal where Wolsey sat with the Archbishop of Canterbury Warham to hear the kings explanation for the marriage and Wolsey would declare it a violation of canon law and therefore annulled which would be confirmed by the pope. However Catherine made plans to appeal to Rome and Charles V sacked Rome
206
How did Wolseys plan to get the annulment fail?
Catherine wrote to Charles V immediately about her husbands plans and after the sack of Rome the pope was in desperate need of friends so plans were laid down for Wolsey to set up a kind of papal court in exile at Avignon while the pope was in captivity and there exercise near papal powers by proxy while clement was unable to act, however the College of Cardinals refused to cooperate and Clement VII was released December 1527 so the plan failed, Wolsey and Henry tried to get the pope to grant the power to decide the case in England without the right of appeal but the pope was not disposed openly to support Henry’s case
207
How did Henry VIII try to prove the bull for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon had been granted in error? 4 ways
The bull had been dispensed with a non existent impediment (affinity) but not the actual impediment (public honesty), question whether the pope had the power to dispense the impediment of affinity at all as there were at least two passages in the holy scripture which specifically prohibited the marriage of a man to his brothers widow and the prohibitions stated those who broke the law would be childless (Henry had no male heirs and the Hebrew translation specified sons) and the levitical laws were gods law (beyond competence of any pope or human being to overrule), whenever a bull is granted to allow an action which would contradict canon law there must be a good cause and in this case it was to ensure peace between England and Spain but this was invalid as the two had been allies for some time, bull written as if Henry himself were making the rewuedt but he was underage at the time and incapable of suing for the dispensation and by the time the marriage was solemnised those who the leave had been important to were dead
208
What did Pope Clement VII do in summer 1528 with regards to the annulment?
Sent Cardinal Campeggio to England with the necessary powers to resolve the annulment but gave him secret orders to delay (excuses such as complaining of gout) until the political situation in Italy became clearer. Campeggio put off hesring the case until May 1529 by which point it was clear the emperor was not going to allow the French to dominate Italy and in June the battle of landriano resulted in the French being defeated and the pope signing the treaty of Barcelona in support of the emperor. Campeggio adjourned the hearing of the case ostensibly for the summer and it was clear the case would never be heard
209
What did Lord Darcy do after Wolseys failure to achieve an annulment?
Submitted a variety of complaints against Wolsey and proposed a parliament to deal with the cardinal and a number of perceived evils in the church, Henry called the parliament in November 1529
210
Why did Anne Boleyn despise Wolsey?
He broke up Anne's marriage with Percy (heir to Earl of Northumberland) according to Henry's orders, they had been very much in love
211
How did the Vatican find out Henry's real reason he wanted a divorce?
His private letters to Anne Boleyn reached the Vatican
212
Why did Henry try to get Catherine of Aragon to become a nun?
She would have to take a vow of chastity and Henry could remarry but she refused, also refused when Campeggio suggested it because an annulment could have been granted in this situation
213
When did Henry stop sleeping with Catherine of Aragon?
1524 because she had had many miscarriages and two stillborn babies
214
What did Henry do after Charles V refused to marry Henry's daughter Mary?
Made his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy Duke of Richmond in 1525 in hopes he would be heir to the throne
215
When did Anne Boleyn and Henry marry?
Agreed to marry after the annulment in July 1527 but ended up marrying secretly in January 1533 (annulment not yet granted) because Anne became pregnant December 1532. Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury from February 1533) ruled that Henry's marriage to Catherine was invalid but his marriage to Anne Boleyn was legal. Anne crowned Queen of England May 1533 (only she and Catherine of Aragon received this honour)
216
What did Edward Foxe and Thomas Cramner do?
Presented Henry with 'The Sufficiently Abundant Collections' (books) which justified Henry's marriage on legal grounds based on historical principals (English Church had always been under the authority of the monarchy)
217
Who recognised Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church so far as the law of Christ allows?
February 1531 the Convocation of Canterbury and in May 1532 Clergy accepted Henry not the Pope as their lawmaker
218
When was Anne Boleyn executed and what did she do before?
19th May 1536. She climbed the scaffold erected on Tower Green, gave a speech praising the goodness and mercy of the King and asked those gathered to pray for her
219
What happened to Mark Smeaton?
He was a musician from the queen's household who was arrested on 30th April 1536 then interrogated at Cromwell's house in Stepney, on the same day the king postponed a trip to Calais with Anne planned for 2nd May, Smeaton moved to the tower on 1st May
220
What happened after the May Day jousts at Greenwich in 1536?
Henry left abruptly on horseback with a group of intimates including Sir Henry Norris who was taken to the tower the next day, Anne and her brother George Lord Rochford were arrested
221
What happened on 4th and 5th May 1536?
More courtiers from the King's private chamber (William Brereton, Richard page, Francis Weston, Thomas Wyatt and Francis Bryan) arrested. Bryan questioned and released but the rest imprisoned in the tower and on 10th may a grand jury indicted all the accused apart from page and wyatt. On 12th may the rest were found guilty of adultery with the queen and of conspiring the kings death
222
How did what Anne say rather than what she did make her guilty?
She asked Norris why he did not go through with his marriage and she then taunted him in a way which overstepped the boundaries of courtly love and the Treasons Act of 1534 held that even imagining the death of the king as she had was treasonous so this conversation was charged. The treason law of 1532 did not cover consensual adultery
223
When did Henry marry Jane Seymour?
17th May Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared Anne and Henry's marriage null and void, later that day Cramner issued a dispensation allowing Jane and Henry to marry and they were betrothed on 20th May and married 10 days later
224
What did Boleyn's biographer Bernard believe about her death and what evidence is there for this theory? 4 pieces
She was guilty of the charges against her. Cromwell stated with certainty, writing to the Bishop of Winchester Stephen Gardiner, before Anne's trial that 'the queen's incontinent living was so rank and common that the ladies of her privy chamber could not conceal it'. Smeaton, the first man accused, confessed to having sexual intercourse with Anne three times, and although this was probably obtained under torture, he never retracted his confession. All subsequent evidence was tainted with Henry's presumption of guilt for example his intimate questioning of Norris. However the trial documents did not survive and three quarters of the specific accusations of adulterous liasons made in her indictment can be discredited
225
What did Anne's indictment say?
Anne 'did falsely and traitoroysly procure by base conversations and kisses, touchings and gifts and other famous incitations, divers of the king's daily and familiar servants to be her adulterers and concubines, so that several...yielded to her vile provocations' and she 'procured and incited her own natural brother...to violate her, alluring him'
226
What did Anne do before her execution?
During her imprisonment, Sir William Kingston (constable of the Tower) reported Anne's remarks to Cromwell. His first letter details Anne's declaration of innocence 'I am as clear from the company of man as for sin...as I am clear from you, and the king's true wedded wife'. The night before her execution, she swore 'on peril of her soul's damnation' before and after receiving the Eucharist that she was innocent
227
Who was Eustace Chapuys and what did he conclude about Anne's charges?
Ambassador for the Holy Roman Emperor and Anne's arch-enemy. He concluded that everyone besides Smeaton 'was condemned upon presumption and certain indications, without valid proof or confession'
228
What is Starkey's view on Anne's death?
Henry asked Cromwell to get rid of Anne because 'Anne's proud and abrasive character soon become intolerable to her husband'. They often got angry and jealous and shouted at eachother
229
What event in January 1536 is believed by some to have led to Anne's downfall?
Her miscarriage of a male heir, Henry said little in his visit to Anne's chamber after the tragedy except 'I see that God will not give me male children', he left Anne at Greenwich while he went to Whitehall to mark the feast day of St Matthew which is interpreted as Henry abandoning Anne however another four months passed before her death. This miscarried foetus was deformed which proved in Henry's mind that Anne dabbled in witchcraft - she was found guilty of this charge and some believed Henry was bewitched by Anne (he told a courtier that he married Anne 'seduced and constrained by sortileges', meaning sorcery)
230
Explain the Thomas Cromwell/Seymour conspiracy against Anne in 7 points
This views Henry as a pliable king whose courtiers could tip him 'by a crisis' into rejecting Anne, Cromwell's court faction intended to replace Anne with Jane Seymour, Chapuys mentioned her in a letter on 10th February 1536 reporting that Henry had sent her a purse full of sovereigns accompanied by a letter which she did not open but kissed and returned, she asked the messenger to tell the King if the king wanted to give her a present she begged it would be at 'such a time as God would be pleased to send her some advantageous marriage', Henry's love for her marvelously increased after this but there is no evidence that before Anne was accused of adultery that he intended to make Jane his wife, in a letter that Chapuys wrote to Charles V he said Cromwell said 'he set himself to devise and conspire the affair' suggesting that Cromwell plotted against Anne however Cromwell claimed not to be acting alone, Cromwell disliked Anne because they disagreed about how to use funds from monasteries
231
What did Henry do with Anne in the early months 1536?
Henry put increasing pressure on Charles V to recognise Anne as his wife, on 18th April he invited Chapuys to the court where he attended mass and Anne bowed to Chapuys when she descended from the royal pew to the chapel and etiquette dictated he return the gesture. It would have been very capricious of Henry to seek to have Anne recognised as his wife if he harboured intentions of ridding himself of her soon after
232
What does a poetic account written in June 1536 by Lancelot de Carles say about Anne's death?
One of Anne's ladies-in-waiting Elizabeth Browne was accused of loose living but made light of her own guilt by stating that 'it was little in her case in comparison with that of the queen', these words reached Cromwell who reported them to Henry and he reluctantly ordered him to investigate but said 'if it turns out that your report which I do not wish to believe is untrue you will receive pain of death in the place of the accused' so Cromwell may have had reason to find evidence of Anne's guilt
233
What did Henry VIII do on 7th February 1531?
Stood up in Parliament and announced himself as head of the church, at this point he and Anne were living openly as a couple. The process of the Break with Rome had begun
234
What judgement did the University Doctors of Divinity return to Henry regarding the divorce and when?
February 1530. At Cambridge and Oxford University there had been strong opposition against the divorce so Cranmer had carefully hand chosen doctors who would be consulted. Overall it was decided that it was unlawful to marry your brother's widow -27 votes to 22 in Henry's favour
235
How and when did Parliament begin to attack the abuses of the church that they had been critical of in the past?
November 1529, Wolsey was gone so they passed acts which limited probate and mortuary fees, regulated lands held by churchmen and reduced number of offices held by any one clergymen to four, changes not well received by clergy but showed Henry that perhaps had the power to control the church already rested in England with parliament
236
Who was Thomas Cromwell?
Entered the King's service sometime in 1530 and as a reformist was quick to point out that the Catholic church was in possession of a great amount of wealth and land in england, he used a papal bull obtained by Wolsey in 1518 that allowed some reform of the monasteries to close a few smaller monasteries and confiscated their wealth which opened Henry's eyes to the amount of wealth he could acquire if he could break the power of the church, there were in excess of 800 religious houses with 10,000 monks and friars
237
When did Henry summon Thomas Cramner during the divorce case and what did he do?
August 1529, Cranmer (a reformist who had been swayed by Lutheran ideas) told Henry that it should be up to experts on the Bible to decide the status of the marriage, suggested that he consult with the University Doctors of Divinity from high profile universities and if they declared the marriage invalid all that would be necessary would be for the Archbishop of Canterbury to declare it invalid
238
What did Henry do after the decision from the universities with regards to the divorce?
Led a propaganda campaign to show that the passage in Leviticus was unlawful, any scholar from across Europe who was able to find more evidence in Henry's favour would be rewarded richly
239
Who did Catherine choose as her representatives in the divorce case and when?
April 1529. Archbishop Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Ely, St Asaph and her main supporter John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
240
Explain the Legatine Court at Blackfriars in 6 points
Wolsey and Campeggio opened court 31st May, Henry and Catherine appeared before the court 18th June, Catherine challenged authority of the court and two legates and stated her wish for the case to be heard in Rome but this was denied, 21st June Henry told his fears about a lack of a male heir being due to marrying his brothers widow, Catherine in reply asserted the validity of the marriage in a very moving speech and wanted the case referee to Rome but permission was denied so she left the court and didn’t attend again, 16th July Pope decided the divorce case should be heard in Rome
241
When and why was Henry summoned to Rome during the divorce case?
August 1529, to appear before the papal curia. His anger with Rome was growing as he realised the pope may never grant him a divorce so he knew he should look for other solutions
242
When and what was the Submission of the Clergy?
15th May 1532. Document signed by all bishops which made three concessions: clergy made no new laws without consent of the monarch, clergy allowed all existing laws to be reviewed by a commission of clergy and laymen appointed by the king, convocation would not meet without first obtaining royal permission
243
When and why did Thomas More design as Chancellor?
16th May 1532 due to the signing of the submission of the clergy as More was strongly opposed to the break with Rome, he resigned on the grounds of ill health
244
When and what as the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates?
Introduced 21st March 1532 and put into force May 1533. This bill limited payments to Rome to 5% of the net revenue of any church, Henry asked people in the House of Commons who supported the bill to sit on one side of the house and those who opposed it sit on the other. In the second act Abbots and Bishops were to be appointed in future by Henry from Jan 1534
245
When and what was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
7th April 1533 Forbade all appeals to foreign tribunals in all spiritual, revenue and testamentary cases, spiritual and secular jurisdiction was the ultimate responsibility of the king. In early 1534 the Act in Absolute Restraint of Appeals transferred all payments from the pope to the king and Henry was declared to be, next to Christ, the supreme head on earth of the Church of England, this Act laid down that all future abbots and bishops were to be chosen for election by the king
246
When and what was the Act Against Peter’s Pence?
Early 1534, forbade payment of Peter’s pence and prohibited the selling of papal dispensations me in England, clause added which gave the king the right to visit and reform all religious houses
247
When and what was the Act of Succession?
23rd March 1534, excluded Mary from the succession and settle it instead on children born of Anne. Terms of Act of Succession proclaimed across the land 1st May 1534 and people warned that if they said anything against the Kings present marriage or lawful heirs they would be guilty of treason which was punishable by death
248
When and what was the Oath of Succession?
After 23rd March 1534, kings councillors took the oath first after which they would supervise their inferior officers, sheriffs ensured that the justices of the peace took the oath and they in turn would ensure that all house holders took the oath, refusal to take the oath would be tantamount to treason
249
When and what was the Act concerning Archbishop of Canterbury?
Act passed putting the Archbishop of Canterbury’s power of dispensation under the control of the king, Archbishop paid 2/3 of any profits made to the king, gave the king power to visit the monasteries. Spring 1534
250
When and what was the Act of Parliament - Church?
Granted 1/10 of all clerical income to the crown, Spring 1534
251
What did Henry order all parish priests and preachers to do in Spring/Summer 1534?
Ordered all parish priests to remove all references to the pope from prayer books, ordered all preachers to leave parishioners in no doubt that the king was head of the church
252
When and why were John Fisher and Thomas More executed?
13th April 1534. Refused to take the oath of succession, both had been early supporters of Henry, initially John Fisher had just been fined £300 then was executed
253
When and what was the Treason Act?
November 1534, denying any of the Kings titles (eg Supreme Head of Church) was made a treasonable offence along with slanderous publication of writing or words uttered describing the king s heretic/tyrant/infidel/schismatic/usurper, enabled parliament to enforce the act of succession under penalty of death
254
When was Elizabeth I born?
September 1533
255
When and what was the Act of Supremacy?
November 1534, declared England as a sovereign state with the king as head of both the church and country, king had power to visit/redress/reform/correct/amend all errors/heresies which would previously have been dealt with by another spiritual authority, king could define the faith in parliament and had the power to appoint men of his choosing to ecclesiastical lists and carry out visitations. EVERYTHING NOW IN HENRY'S HANDS KEY TURNING POINT
256
How did Henry aim at a ‘Henrician Reformation’ which was neither Catholic nor Protestant?
He based his supremacy on the bible so an English bible was necessary in every parish, he modelled himself on Old Testament kings who attacked idolatry so images which had been worshipped were destroyed, he destroyed monasteries as he saw them as likely to bear allegiance to Rome and as dens of iniquity, allowed some modernisation of Catholic tradition such as limited excessive number of saints days, central core of catholic belief such as beliefs and practices of mass remained unchanged
257
What were the Ten Articles and the Six Articles?
Ten Articles of 1536 showed the influence of recent negotiations with the Lutherans and language was reformist in terms of doctrine of salvation and sacraments but did not promote Lutheran doctrine. Six Articles of 1539 asserted key aspects of Catholic belief such as clerical celibacy and the Real Presence of the Eucharist, more conservative in language which marked Henry’s alarm that his subjects had taken his royal supremacy as an excuse to advance into heresy. The six articles do not contradict the ten articles
258
What book did Cranmer and Cromwell publish in 1537?
‘Bishops’ Book’ published without the King’s official sanction. After finding time to read it Henry ordered a more conservative revision which was always known as the ‘King’s Book’
259
What is the traditional perspective of Henry's Reformation?
A progressive movement, inevitable given the corruption of the pre-Reformation of the church and eagerly welcomed by the populace. Henry was viewed as a King broadly responsive to popular demand for change if occasionally susceptible to reactionary pressure by contemporary courtiers
260
What is the revisionist perspective of Henry's Reformation?
Had little popular backing, the Pre-Reformation Church was in good shape and religious change was imposed from above. Henry broke with Rome because he wanted rid of Catherine, he brought in an English Bible because it helped him achieve his own ends and he dissolved the monasteries in order to enjoy their funds
261
What emerged in the early years of the Reformation?
A series of creeds (Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Zwinglian, Calvinist and even Anglican) which took great pains to define their doctrine with precision and delineate their differences from one another, Henry and his contemporaries did not fit any of these labels
262
How did Henry and his contemporaries not fit into any of the creeds which emerged in the early years of the Reformation and what were they?
Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Zwinglian, Calvinist and even Anglican. Henry instituted an English bible yet always defended the Latin mass and its doctrine of the Real Presence, he rejected the papacy yet also rejected central Lutheran doctrine
263
How was Henry depicted on the title page of the English Bible?
The 'Great Bible' of 1539 depicted Henry as enthroned, handing out copies of the Bible to the clergy on one side, the laity on the other. The Word of God was expounded from the pulpit on one side and discussed by gentlemen on the other side. Ordinary folk listen to the Bible being preached and they shout to Henry not God 'Vivat Rex!' and 'Long Live the King!' For Henry the authority of God and of the King needed to be merged
264
What were Christian humanists doing before the Reformation?
Studying Hebrew and Greek so they could reasd the Bible in its original form and as they did they discovered errors in the Latin translation used by the church. Henry VIII backed this movement
265
Why was it difficult for Henry to gain an annulment when Pope Clement VII was Pope?
Pope Julius II granted Catherine a papal dispensation to marry Henry on the basis that she had not consummated her marriage to Arthur but he died in 1513, replaced by Pope Clement II, he could not overrule the dispensation of the previous Pope.
266
How do we know money alone was not the decisive issue when Henry broke with Rome?
He would have taken the attack to the mass
267
How were Elizabeth and Henry’s middle ways different?
Henry’s counted seven sacraments and the real presence (in the kings book in 1543) but Elizabeth’s counted two sacraments and denied the real presence in 1563 (in the thirty nine articles)
268
What did Henry model his kingship upon?
He identified himself as king David, in the Collectanea satis copiosa (texts put together to support Henry’s campaigns against the papacy) the cases of Hezekiah and Jehoshaphat are evidence of a Christian kings power over his priests, this claim to authority over the priesthood had been denied by the medieval Catholic Church in the name of ‘ecclesiastical Liberty’ (a cause enshrined in the cult of st Thomas Becket of Canterbury), dramatic elimination of this cult in 1538 symbolised the overthrow of the medieval church in England, in the draft justification of the kings proceedings which survives in the Public Record Office Henry is said to have taken the title of supreme head ‘following the right of kings in Judah and Israel’ and instituted enquiries into the life of his clergy particularly those in religious houses
269
What did Cuthbert Tunstall say about Henry VIIIs religious policy?
In 1539 said Henry had acted ‘as the chief and best of the kings of Israel did and as all good Christian kings ought to’
270
How was Henry’s argument for why the papacy was Antichrist different to that of the Protestant reformers?
Henry believed the papacy usurped divine right monarchy which inverted the proper order of society and corrupted religious doctrine and practice. Protestant reformers believed the papacy substituted a ‘world religion’ for the doctrine of justification by faith alone
271
Why did Henry agree to an English bible? 5 points
Use it to transmit to his people that exalted vision of kingship which he believed was enshrined in the scriptures, teach people their obligation to god and king and neighbour, in the 1520s Luther interpreted the commandment to honour ones father and mother to mesn that the prince (father to his people) should demand their full respect and obedience and William tyndale circulated this idea in his ‘Obedience of a Christian man’, Richard Morrison assured his readers that ‘obey ye your king’ was the most important commandment, by November 1533 Henry associated his agenda with ‘word of god’
272
How did Henry feel about religious images? 6 points
Believed religious images were useful and harmless but venerated and abused relics and images had to be purged in 1538, Cromwells visitation articles for the monasteries in 1535 attacked idolatry, Old Testament king was associated with attacking idolatry, allowed religious art with decorative or instructive functions (Ángels by altars, stained glass saints, crucifixes, representations of biblical stories), Old Testament example of ‘King Ezechias who destroyed the image the serpent made by Moses by Gods commandment for idolatry through the which that image had been misused’, several shrines and images pulled down in 1540s
273
What happened when the English church issued its first catechism?
1537 it was called the bishops book. Abandoned the traditional medieval numbering of the commandments and renumbered them in accordance to the practice of reformed Zurich. Gave new prominence to commandment against graven images and separated it from the general commandment to worship no other gods but the lord, the second commandment retained its new prominence in the kings book of 1543
274
What did Henry’s use of Leviticus over medieval canon law reveal about his reformation?
Legislation of Leviticus rather rhan canon law became the foundation of matrimonial law in England so the ‘word of god’ was replacing ‘human traditions’, in 1534 parliament passed a law which imposed the death penalty for sodomy (hither to an offence punishable only in church courts), the death penalty for sodomy was laid down in the same chapter of the bible which forbade marriage to a brothers widow (Leviticus 20)
275
When and what was the Act of dispensations?
1534 March, appeals in ecclesiastical matters now to be handled by King's court of chancery not the Archbishop's court
276
When was the clergy accused of praemunire as a whole and what happened?
Attacked the power of Catholic Church through ecclesiastical courts in England in December 530, pardoned of charge in Feb 1531, they had to pay Henry a fine of £119,000 in return for his pardon
277
Give 5 points about how the 1536 ten articles were Catholic
Works of charity stressed as viral to salvation, teaching on transubstantiation reasserted, mass for the dead not rejected, prayer to saints permitted, key catholic ceremonies defended (vestments, stations of the cross, holy water, lighting candles)
278
Give 5 points about how the ten articles of 1536 were Protestants
Stressed 3 sacraments as more important than others (baptism, Eucharist, penance), popish purgatory rejected (mechanical prayer or indulgences), caution about superstitious prayer expressed, Catholic ceremonies that were defended were only supported as symbols not sacramentally as earlier
279
Give 4 points about how cromwells injections of 1536 were Protestant
Clergy teach the ten articles, no sermons on images/relics/miracles, undermined devotion to saints (holy days reduced), pilgrimages restricted
280
Give 5 points about how the Bishops Book of 1537 was Catholic
Reflected concern about lack of unity shown in 1536 pilgrimage of grace, bishops charged with producing a clear guide to doctrine but extensive division existed between reformers and conservatives, Henry made 250 alterations to the book which Cranmer responded to (king altered wording on justification by faith and changed emphasis on sacrament of extreme unction amongst others), transubstantiation upheld, missing four sacraments replaced (ranked in order of importance tho which was Protestant change)
281
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1538? 4 points
Criticised those who sought to change ceremonies he had not removed, stressed the need for lack of superstitions and the importance of the word of god, maintained the need for unity and adherence to the middle way as Henry saw it, prosecution of John lambert for his denial of transubstantiation
282
Give 5 points about the Injuctions of 1538
Reducing the role of images, encourage works of charity as laid down in bible, preach against reliance on pilgrimage and rosaries, no candle lighting except before the tabernacle, removal of images that were the object of pilgrimage
283
What was the royal proclamation of 1539?
Spoke against the old hypocrite religion especially superstition and pilgrimages, yet also criticised those who would go against sacramental teaching
284
What doctrinal continuity occurred in the 1540s? 4 points
Removal of Cromwell signalled non toleration of diversity or radicalism, key saints days to be reinstated, transubstantiation of sacraments stressed, stressed forgiveness as freely coming from god
285
What Protestant change occurred in the 1540s? 7 points
Featherstone/Powell/Abel hung for supporting pope, 1541 royal proclamation against superstition and abuses, shrines dismantled, other holy days (not saints days) to not be observed, stressed the value of purifying reform and stressed need for stability and unity, need for good works stressed as well as faith, in 1544 new prayers were to be said in English for certain days, English litany introduced from 1544
286
How was the act of six articles of 1539 catholic? 6 points
Act proposed by Norfolk and seen as a triumph of conservatism over Cromwell, maintained transubstantiation and communion under one kind, clerical celibacy and binding nature of vows of chastity, approved private masses, continued auricular confession, contained punishments for those who broke the laws (no persecution following the act). HOWEVER Protestant in a way because it continued kings news on key areas and rejected papal authority
287
How was the English bible Protestant? 4 points
Cromwells role stressed in the development of it because 1537 he was sent a copy from Cranmer of Matthews bible in English and it was licensed for printing, previously Henry had banned Tyndales bible but later called for an English translation, 1538 Coverdale revision of the bible (the Great Bible) published. HOWEVER was catholic in a way because reading of the bible was to be controlled to avoid dispute or challenge to authority
288
What were the 5 causes of the dissolution of the monasteries?
END TO OPPOSITION - one of the most vociferous opponents of Henry's recent legislation were from monastic houses, CONTINENTAL INFLUENCE - religious houses were being dissolved in Scandinavia and Germany and Tyndale/Erasmus/Fish ideas criticising monastic life were gaining currency, PATRONAGE - laity gained an appetite for land even Catholics like Norfolk so Henry could pacify critics of his break with Rome, FINANCIAL MOTIVES - possibility of a Catholic crusade after Henry's excommunication from Pope who called on Francis I and Charles V to attack England so a massive programme of building fortifications was undertaken financed by monastic wealth which freed Henry from the need to impose taxation again, THE IMPERIAL IDEA - monasteries seen as owing allegiance to patent institutions outside England
289
What did Henry do in 1533-4 with regards to the dissolution of the monasteries?
In 1533 he announced his intention to unite to the crown 'the lands which the clergy of his dominions held' to increase Crown revenue, nothing much came of this statement but his intention was confirmed in 1534 by an anonymous proposal suggesting confiscation of all ecclesiastical lands but the Crown had to support clergy with annual salaries, Henry would no longer have to impose taxation which would secure his place on the throne
290
When was the First Act of Dissolution of the Monasteries and what were the 5 main provisions?
1536. All houses worth under £200 a year dissolved, heads of houses offered a pension in return for their retirement, monks transferred to surviving larger houses or became secular priests, larger monasteries praised (the Act's preamble argued that it was an attempt to strengthen the greater monasteries), Henry had the power to exempt any house from the Act
291
Why was there a delay in dissolving the greater monasteries?
The strength of the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 in response to initial dissolutions may have caused him to delay but did not stop him seizing a handful of religious houses that had taken part in the rebellion, Henry perversely refounded a handful of monasteries eg at Stixwould and Bisham
292
When were there a number of individual 'voluntary' surrenders of larger houses and what did these involve? 4 points
Summer 1537, forced through pressure exerted by royal commissioners, crucial moment in December when the great priory of Lewes in Sussex was persuaded to surrender to the King with its property passing to Cromwell, within sixteen months (by some time in 1538) 202 houses had surrendered, final nail driven in the coffin in March 1540 with the surrender of Waltham Abbey
293
When and what was the Second Act of Dissolution of the Monasteries?
1539, legitimised the 'voluntary' surrenders that had happened and all of the greater houses' property transferred to the crown
294
How many monastic houses were dissolved in total and how many monks were pensioned off?
563 houses dissolved, 8000 monks pensioned off
295
How much did the Crown benefit financially from the dissolution of the monasteries? 4 points
Crown income doubled £120,000 per annum to £250,000 per annum with the resale value of monastic land standing at £1.3 million, rents reached their maximum in 1543 but fell and by 1547 stood at £48,000 (less than half the original income of the monasteries), by 1547 the Crown has made about £800,000 from sales, from May 1543 there had been a rush to sell land and most profits were used to finance wars with Scotland and France (around £2 million)
296
What were monasteries/abbeys like on the eve of the reformation? 7 points
825 roughly in England, 100 in Scotland, main function was a place where monks said prayers or masses for the souls of the dead in an attempt to ease their oath through purgatory, Henry VII had 10,000 masses said in services by monks for his soul in the month after his death, monasteries were among the largest landowners in the realm providing employment on farms, monks produced exquisite illuminated manuscripts as well as carvings and music and paintings, they were a traditional source of help for the poor so their dissolution had a detrimental effect on the poor, places where players were said for the souls of the living and the dead and Salvation of Souls which went against new Protestant beliefs
297
What were the 6 monastic orders?
Benedictines (largest single order of monks/nuns and probably the richest), Carthusians (strictest order, houses known as Charterhouses), Cistercians (breakwater from the Benedictines aiming at a more simple life, famous for sheep farming), Carmelites or White Friars, Dominicans or Black Friars, Franciscans or Grey Friars
298
How can it be argued that the Dissolution was only part of a wider strategy that has started in 1529? 4 points
1529 Wolsey stripped of his assets, 1531 clerical taxation raised £69,000, 1535-40 First Fruits and Tenths raised £400,000. All this taxation not always raised in circumstances which involved war expenditure
299
How did the dissolution impact on monastic buildings?
Wholesale destruction of gothic church buildings, loss of books/libraries/images (to prevent idolatry)/reliquaries, melting down of jewellery
300
What positive effects did the dissolution of the monasteries have? 3 points
Henry invested some of his new wealth into creating new grammar schools in Canterbury, Carlisle, Ely, Bristol and Chester and Christ Church in Oxford and Trinity College in Cambridge were established. Cathedral churches re established in 8 towns. Founded six new dioceses but their efficiency was greatly hampered by debt for several years
301
How were monks and friars and nuns affected by the dissolution? 5 points
About 6500 of 8000 found alternative paid employment having been supplied with their pensions, Cromwells ban on preaching about miracles performed through images cut off a source of income for friaries which housed images and relics which were held in high esteem and produced a good revenue, considerable loss of more eminent educated leaders in the friaries some of which walked out but those with a conscientious commitment to their vows were inclined to leave the country, number of candidates for ordination suffered, the 2000 nuns were unable to marry or become priests
302
What social change occurred as a result of the dissolution? 6 points
Transfer of power into the hands of the laity at local level so powers of patronage lay with squires/JPs/chief landowners not the church, land ownership extended down the social ladder to some lawyers but particularly to younger sons of landowning families who would otherwise have missed out on a landed inheritance, seems clear that land transferred into hands of men who were already established in the countryside but more men bought their way into local politics, suggested that new landlords were obsessed with maximising profits through enclosing their land but some enclosures had been put into effect by monks who were efficient businessmen, tithes now to be paid to laymen who employed vicars to perform spiritual functions on their behalf, hospitality of landlords declined
303
Describe Cromwells rise to power in 8 points
Emerged from the back alleys of rural Putney where he was born in 1485 (his dad was a pub landlord and aggressive drunk), from 1501 he travelled to Italy and the Low Countries and France and returned after ten years with a good education as any nobleman, he had an intimate friendship with Thomas Cranmer, during his service to Wolsey in the 1520s he suppressed 29 monasteries so Wolsey could fund grammar school in Ipswich and college in oxford, he became a quiet friend to the Thames Valley Lollards, over the next decade Henry granted him Wolseys powers in the church (he offered his experience as the means to gain national consent for a break with Rome so Henry could marry Anne) and he became a busy and effective promoter of the new religion and it’s enthusiasts, he became a discreet organiser of contacts with the most radical European mainstream reformations in Zurich and northern Switzerland, granted the unique title ‘Vice-Gerent in Spirituals’ making him henrys royal deputy in the church
304
Why did Cromwell die?
Members of the English nobility disliked him because his talented upstart usurped what they regarded as their natural place in government so when Cromwell was increasingly unwell and his political judgement faltered 1539-40 they used this opportunity to persuade Henry (who was easy to persuade) that Cromwell was a heretic. Duke of Norfolk planted three letters to Lutherans in Cromwells home and Henry was infatuated with Norfolk’s niece and was so angry he ignored Cromwells two desperate letters from the tower. Norfolk created a Lutheran conspiracy so three Protestant reformers (Robert Barnes and William Jerome and Thomas Garret) we’re executed just days after Cromwell without an open trial instead condemned with act of attainder. Cromwell made four terrible mistakes in his last year of life
305
Which of Cromwells terrible mistakes is very well known?
It was his idea for Henry to marry the German princess Anne of cleves, believing it would draw England closer to the German reformation but it stopped Henry marrying an English noblemans daughter, he ignored Archbishop Cranmers opposition and placed his faith in over ingenious portrait painters, Henry couldn’t bear the sight of Anne
306
What 3 mistakes did Cromwell make which made the nobles dislike him even more?
Thetford priory in Norfolk was the family burial place of the dukes of Norfolk and Thomas Howard (third duke) wanted to save the priory from dissolution and refound it as a college of priests but Cromwell closed it in February 1540 and Howard had to move some of his family tombs and ancestral bones 35 miles to framlingham in Suffolk, March 1540 Henry bourchier died and Cromwell took his place as earl of Essex, John de vere Earl of Oxford died a week later and Cromwell took his position as Great Chamberlain of England
307
When was Cromwell executed and how did Henry react afterwards?
Arrested 10th June 1540 and executed 28th July 1540 after parliament (including Cranmer) voted for his execution, Henry lamented that his courtiers has deceived him and the French ambassador said ‘they had made several false accusations to him, a result of which he had put to death the most faithful servant he had ever had’
308
When and what was the Act for Advancement of the True Religion?
May 1543 it restricted reading of the bible to the upper classes
309
What legacy did Cromwell leave?
The young Protestant bureaucrats he had trained in the 1530s were the statesmen who steered the triumphant Protestantism in England under Elizabeth. Nicholas Bacon did this until 1579 and William Cecil until 1598
310
How did Henry encourage spread of Protestant ideas?
Henry encouraged open criticism of the English clergy and pope from 1529 onwards because it allowed him to encourage pope to grant him the divorce and this offered relief from persecution and the opportunity to influence the future of the church in England
311
How did Anne encourage spread of Protestant ideas?
She drew Henry’s attention to the work of tyndale, protected heretics likes Robert Forman in London and encouraged appointment of reformers to positions of power and influence within the church eg Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Shaxton (accused of heresy in 1531) to vacant bishops posts and the selection of Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532. By 1536 individuals who favoured luthers reforms were established in government and influenced religious debate as court eg John Bale, Edward Crome, Robert Barnes spread Protestant teachings in London while Cranmer encouraged similar activities in Suffolk, Essex and Kent
312
What were reformers keen to draw distinction between during the reformation?
Potestas Jurisdictionis (the right to exercise jurisdiction over the church which Henry claimed) and Potestas Ordinis (the right to exercise spiritual power which was still retained by the bishops)
313
What role did the government play in spread of Protestant ideas?
Conservatives in theology were keen to appeal to the king to defend the church against Protestant heresy assuming Henry would fully support them, they published propaganda emphasising the need to obey the sovereign. For example Stephen Gardiner (conservative bishop of Winchester and one of the kings secretaries) wrote a pamphlet named ‘De Vera Obedentia’ (True Obedience) which stressed the necessary hierarchy of obedience in society
314
Why was a swing back towards Catholicism produced in the years 1538-40? 7 points
Henry required catholic allies in Europe at the end of the 1530s and needed to stress that the religious changes in England were extremely moderate, Cromwells influence waned after the failed Cleves marriage, Howard family were catholic and gained influence which led to Henry’s marriage with Catherine, the head of the family duke of Norfolk was largely responsible for getting parliament to agree to the six articles of 1539, this caused two reforming bishops Shaxton and Latimer to resign, the Articles stated clerical celibacy was to continue so Cranmer sent his wife an ex nun to live with relatives in Germany, Protestants gain influence again in 1541 and Katherine Howard is executed February 1542
315
When did Cromwell pass an act against sanctuary?
1540 which banned the use of religious buildings to shield criminals
316
When was the Court of Augmentations established and what was this?
1536, dealt with income from the dissolution of the monasteries, receivers in the regions dealt with dissolved estates and reported to central staff, crown income increased from £150,000 to £300,000
317
What does Elton’s ‘Revolution in Government’ thesis suggest about Cromwells reforms?
The business of government became centred on the household, carried out in rooms near the king and by his household staff so it was more bureaucratic and independent
318
How did the Privy Council change under Cromwell?
About 70 people served as privy councillors but by 1536 a smaller group of about 20 seemed to conduct the business of government in its daily workings, debatable whether the importance of the privy council increased under Cromwell, mainly professionally trained lawyers and bureaucrats rather than notables from the wider ruling class, Wolsey had proposed a reform of the privy council in 1526 when Cromwell was one of his chief advisors, letters and warrants signed from the privy council collectively (Duke of Norfolk insisted that ambassadors write to the privy council as a whole body not any individual advisors)
319
How did Cromwell change law in Wales?
Act of Union in 1536 meant wales became incorporated into English legal and administrative system, an act of 1543 divided wakes into three shores each with JPs appointed by the king and wales was to send 24 MPs to parliament in London and English common law was to be the law of Wales, English became the language of documentation and officials had to use it
320
How did Cromwell change law in the north?
From 1536 authority of the council of the north increased after Pilgrimage of Grace, the council was to be responsible for law and order north of the river Trent nominating and overseeing JPs and dealing with more serious crimes including treason
321
Identify the 13 positions Cromwell held
1531 member of privy council, 1532 Master of Court Wards and Master of Jewel House, 1533 Chancellor of the Exechequer, 1534 King’s Secretary and Master of the Rolls, 1535 Vicegerent in Spirituals, 1536 Lord Privy Seal and Baron Cromwell of Oakham, 1537 Knight of the Garter and Dean of Wells, 1539 Lord Great Chamberlain, 1540 Earl of Essex
322
How did Cromwell make sure royal authority was spread evenly across Britain?
Act against liberties and franchises removed and restricted special liberties exercised by regional nobles in more remote areas such as those held by bishop in the palatinate of Durham
323
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
324
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
325
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
326
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
327
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
328
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
329
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
330
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
331
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
332
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
333
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
334
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
335
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
336
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
337
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
338
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
339
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
340
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
341
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
342
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
343
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
344
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
345
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
346
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
347
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
348
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
349
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
350
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
351
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
352
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
353
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
354
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
355
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
356
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
357
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
358
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
359
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
360
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
361
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
362
How did financial management develop under Cromwell? 4 points
Court of augmentations controlled land and financed formerly under control of the Catholic Church, court of general surveyors initially handled some of the ex monastic land but soon amalgamated with the Court of Augmentations, Court of First Fruits and Tenths collected money previously sent to Rome, court of wards set up because it was the kings ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor under 21 who had inherited
363
How could Cromwell's government reforms be seen as a 'constitutional revolution'? What are the criticisms of this?
Henry became head of Church and state, royal authority over Wales and semi-independent regions. Critics said the crown had significant influence over church appointments and emergency taxation
364
How could Cromwell's government reforms be seen as a 'political revolution'? What are the criticisms of this?
'King and Parliament' became 'King in Parliament', importance of Parliament in legislating for the Reformation. Critics said parliament developed because the King needed its support, used less under later Tudors and Elizabeth but successfully controlled its claims to become a partner in government
365
How could Cromwell's government reforms be seen as a 'bureaucratic revolution'? What are the criticisms of this?
Emergence of Privy Council as engine in government, role of King's principal secretary (Cromwell) as coordinating minister instead of Lord Chancellor, development of specialised departments of government eg financial courts. Critics said the government remained essentially personal and specialisation had already taken place in the medeival period but reversed during Wars of Roses, not all Cromwell's reforms would survive long term
366
Who led the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske (a lawyer who had been in the service of Earl of Northumberland and complained about the destruction of the abbeys). Four rebel leaders (Aske, Constable, Lascelles, Stapleton) were members of the King's council
367
Describe the events of the Pilgrimage of Grace in 7 ppints
Risings began in Louth in Lincolnshire but soon sprang up all over North England then 30-40,000 rebels assembled on the banks of the River Don, rebels took the 'Oath of Honorable Men' (devised by Aske in York at the Council of the pilgrim captains in October 1536) pledging to stick together and conduct themselves peacefully, only one man killed before rebels dispersed, rebels issued the York Articles and later the Pontefract Articles drawn up by leaders of the rebellion in the two towns, rebels took control of the North within three weeks and none of the local ruling class opposed them, York was taken over without a shot being fired, Thomas Lord Darcy (who owned lands in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire but had plotted with Lord Hussey and Chapuys for an invasion of England) was sympathetic to the rebels so surrendered Pontefract Castle in the South, Henry Clifford Earl of Cumberland was besieged by rebels in Shipton Castle
368
How was Henry in a weak position when responding to the Pilgrimage of Grace 1536/
No standing army so had to rely on loyalty of peers like Norfolk and Suffolk to raise troops from outside the region but government only raised 8000 troops because soldiers could not live on their wages of 8p a day, Duke of Norfolk reported to the king that a battle against the rebels was not an option, in London the government faced the idea that the rebellion might be coordinated with an Imperial/Papal invasion and Chapuys (Imperial ambassador) was overjoyed when he heard of the rising so sent a stream of letters to his master claiming that an invasion of England would easily defeat Henry, more pressure put on the nervous regime when Cardinal Reginald Poole appeared in the Calais area
369
Who was Cardinal Reginald Pole?
Very much opposed to Henry's divorce from Catherine which ruined the good relations he had had with Henry when Pole had been in Italy 1521-7, after 1532 he remained abroad and in 1536 he was made a cardinal, in 1549 he came within a few votes of being king
370
How did Henry respond to the rebellion? 7 points
Darcy beheaded on Tower Green 1537, Norfolk and Suffolk hoped Henry would be so frightened that he would sack his low born counselors and reinstate the nobility as his chief advisors, Henry and Cromwell invited rebel leaders to London under a free pardon whilst granting a Parliament to meet in the North, King and servants put out serious propaganda to strenghten government's hand eg Richard Morison who had once lived in Pole's household produced a pamphlet called 'A Remedy for Sedition', Sir Francis Bigod’s abortive rising of 1537 used as an excuse to claim that rebel leaders had broken their word so Duke of Norfolk returned to the north and declared martial law, groups of rebels hanged in Cumberland while gentry leaders were rounded up and taken to London, some 178 people including aske and Darcey were executed for treason
371
How was the dissolution of the monasteries reason for the Pilgrimage of Grace? 7 points
There were rumours that a total dissolution of the monasteries was intended due to the Act for Suppressing Smaller Monasteries being passed in March 1536 and the Valor Ecclesiasticus being produced, in Louth in Lincolnshire the people of the town inspired by local clergy and a shoemaker called Captain Cobbler rose to defend the parish church by guarding the treasure house (they feared the Bishop of Lincoln's registrar or other commissioners were about to seize the treasure) and when the registrar arrived to carry out a visitation of local clergy he was seized, rebels marched to a nearby nunnery at Legbourne where royal commissioners were at work, on 4th October in Horncastle the Bishop of Lincoln's chancellor was lymched and killed by the mob, 16 out of 55 supprssed monasteries restored during the revolt, in york the nunnery of St Clements was set up again, in Lancashire Sawley Abbey was restored
372
What were the York Articles? 4 points
Rebels wore the badge of the five wounds of Christ believing they were engaged in a crusade to protect the church and to reverse the henrician reformation, the first of the York articles sent to the mayor by Aske claimed that the ‘suppression of so many religious houses’ was of ‘greet hurt to the common welthe’, Article 4 complained about the activities of Cromwell and Rich (chancellor of Augmentations), Article 5 attacked reforming bishops especially Cranmer/Sharon/Latimer/Longland
373
What were the later Pontefract Articles? 5 points
Article 1 condemned the heresies of Luther/Wycliffe/Tyndall/Barnes/Anabaptists, Article 2 wanted to see papal headship of the church restored but didn’t want to restore the payment of first fruits to Rome, Article 3 wished to see Mary restores to the succession, Article 4 and 6 sought to reverse the suppression of the monasteries and in particular of the Observant Friars, heretic bishops such as Cromwell and Rich were targets of Articles 7 and 8
374
What were the rebels’ non religious articles in the Pilgrimage of Grace? 3 points
Gentry and peers opposed to the Statute of Uses of 1536 which would restrict their ability to bequeath property without paying great fines, complained that taxes were too high, motivated by a regional spirit which deplored the spoliation of the north by a southern government
375
How was Henry’s position strengthened by the Pilgrimage of Grace? 4 points
Death of earl of Northumberland in July 1537 who made henry his heir so all his lands reverted to the king, council of the north became permanent and staffed by loyal servants, Sir Thomas Wharton made Warden of the West March in 1544, feudal power of the northern nobility thus seriously eroded
376
How did Henry prove in 1538 that he was no heretic?
Took part in trial of heretic John lambert in November 1538, showed that although he would reform abuses he would not tolerate heresy especially on the Eucharist, proclamation of 16th November pronounced the same message by condemning free circulation of the bible, denial of the real presence and the marriage of priests
377
Who was Elizabeth Barton? 5 points
Easter 1525 this teenage servant at Aldington in Kent claimed to see visions and was told by the Virgin Mary that she would be cured, this recovery took place in front of the image f the Virgin at Court-at-Street and was witnessed by a large crowd so the image became the focus of pilgrimage, case investigated by a commission appointed by Archbishop Wareham and headed by Dr Edward Bocking (monk of Canterbury), Elizabeth sent to s nunnery at Canterbury and Bocking her spiritual director, Lent 1536 she made a publicised pilgrimage to court at street and a huge crowd turned out
378
What did Elizabeth Barton oppose?
Leading campaigner against the divorce, 1528 threatened Wolsey with Gods retribution if he proceeded with the divorce and sent a similar message to the pope and told Henry to his face he would be dead within a month if he divorced Catherine, her admirers (Canterbury monks and Friars and laymen) spread her warnings widely, Barton also demanded punishment of heretics and the burning of William Tyndales New Testament
379
What form did Elizabeth Barton’s opposition take? 5 points
Autumn 1532 when Anne was being fêted as queen designate Barton group mounted a major drive to stop the divorce, Barton told Henry when he passed through Canterbury that he should destroy the new learning and protect the authority of the pope and give up Anne or face gods vengeance, Elizabeth’s friends spread a story that an angel had seized the host from Henry at mass and given it to her, Bocking and his allies told such tales to princess Mary and the marchionesses of Salisbury and Exeter and the countless of Derby and lord and lady hussey and bishop fisher, Thomas More subjected to persuasions from Dr Risby of the Canterbury observants at Christmas 1532 and Dr Riche from the Richmond Observants in lent so he was induced to meet Elizabeth and then was visited by two carthusians to see how he responded
380
How was Elizabeth Barton’s opposition dealt with? 5 points
Bocking prepared a collection of her prophesies and his draft was copied out and taken to a London printer so by mid July there were 700 copies ready for distribution, books seized and Elizabeth taken for examination by Cranmer, in September her accomplices were arrested and interrogated, on 23rd November 1533 Cromwell staged a public humiliation at st Paul’s cross where Elizabeth confessed fraud and a sermon was preached against her, Barton and her main publicists executed for treason in April 1534
381
Why did the nobles rebel against Henry?
Reports of Chapuys the ambassador suggested there was general hostility among nobles to the divorce and break with Rome and a Hope Charles V would mount a crusade
382
Which nobles opposed Henry’s break with Rome and divorce? 4 points
Lord darcy claimed there were 600 peers and gentlemen in the north opposed to royal policy and Lord Bray thought twenty lords and a hundred knights would take up arms to defend Catherine and Catholicism, darcy and bray enlarged their political significance by claiming to represent a powerful alliance and tried to encourage imperial invasion by guaranteeing noble support but Charles V was busy, nobles were divided by local rivalries and family disputes and were intimidated by Cromwell and the king so the 1536 rebellion was disorganised and regional and most opposition peers turned out loyally to serve in the royal army, other major magnates who opposed royal policy include Abergavenny and Dacre and Derby and Northumberland and Rutland
383
How did Wilson, Powell and Hubardin rebel against Henry? 5 points
Dr Nicholas Wilson and Dr Edward Powell toured the north 1532-3 preaching in defence of Catherine and Rome and attacking heresy, by Easter 1533 they were at Bristol with William Hubardin and all three called in by conservatives to reply to Latimer’s reformist sermons, Powell declared against the divorce without dispensation of the church, Hubardin claimed that the pope had authority over princes and whoever opposed Rome was a heretic, latimers allies complained to the Council and hubardin was bundled off to the tower
384
How did the regulars preach against Henry? 6 points
Easter 1534 the warden of the Southampton Observants called denials of papal authority grievous errors and read from a book in support of the papal primacy, prior of the Cambridge Dominicans defended authors if the bishop of Rome, warden of Bendectine college at Oxford preached regularly against the king, at Easter a Franciscan at Herne defended pilgrimages and failed to pray for the supreme head, at Norwich in April the Dominican prior declared the king could be head of the church only in temporalities, in August Cranmer preached at Canterbury against papal power and the Dominican prior responded that the church’s laws were the laws of god
385
How did Cromwell and Henry try to crush dissent from the religious orders after the nobles and regulars had rebelled? 5 points
Secular clergy were asked to sign an acknowledgment that bishop of Rome had no authority in England, the regulars had to swear they would never call the bishop pope or pray for him but for Henry as supreme head and Anne as queen, swear that they renounced all canon law which conflicted with laws of the land, difficulty in putting this comprehensive oath to the observants and in August 1534 the observant houses were closed down and some Friars sent to tower and others put into custody with Franciscans and rest fled the country, three of Carthusians prior executed in may 1535 and three monks in June and two hanged in 1537, another ten left to die of starvation in Newgate and the rest forced to submit
386
How was Anne a focus of opposition?
In 1533 a Warwickshire priest called her Harlot and maintainer of heretics and hoped she would be burnt at Smithfield, at Cambridge in 1534 a servant said that Henry was a heretic because he married Anne Boleyn
387
How did Henry’s rejection of Rome provoke considerable concern particularly among the clergy? 3 points
1533 the vicar of Rye threatens that the pope would put the realm under an interdict and the harvest would fail, in January 1534 a Colchester monk thought a pamphlet on the supremacy put out by the king and council showed them to be all heretics, kings policy had left England with no friends so he would have to use his taxes to buy Lutheran support
388
How was there resistance to erasing the Pope’s name from service books? 4 points
Cromwell ordered this in April 1535, the abbot of Woburn kept papal bulls for when they were needed again and stopped erasure from books, vicar of Stanton Lacy in Shropshire glued slips of paper over piles name instead of destroying books because it was a common view that the breach with Rome was temporary, 1535 Robert Augustyn a London Carmelite said ‘we should see a new turn of the bishop of Rome’, George Rowlands of the Crutched Friars in London told a penitent in February 1536 that ‘these things will not last long’ and advised them to pray secretly for the pope
389
How was suppression of the monasteries a cause for rebellion in Exeter and Cheshire?
When the commissioners at Exeter ordered workmen to pull town the rood-loft in the priory church a mob of women armed with spades and and spikes broke in to protect the images and drove a carpenter to jump from the tower, at norton abbey in Cheshire the ejected canons raised several hundred of their neighbours and besieged the suppression commissioners in the abbey tower but the sheriff arrived and most of the rebels fled
390
How was the resistance to the Dissolution more successful at Hexham? 5 points
Commissioners heard that the canons raised men and guns to defend their house and sent out a small party, bells of town and priory were rung, armed men drawn up in the street, priory gates locked against commissioners and defended by armed canons and servants and townsmen, royal officers showed the canons the kings commission but the canons claimed to have crown confirmation of the priory and vowed to resist that any of their goods or house be taken or they’d die, commissioners left and the priory was saved for several months
391
How did certain religious communities seek exemption from suppression by more peaceful means? 5 points
Convent of St Mary’s in Winchester offered the king 500 marks to avoid their suppression and were reprieved but only because these nuns had been commended as ‘religious and in living virtuous’, Ulverscroft in Leicestershire paid 200 marks to the king to be reprieved only after the commissioners reported the monks as ‘good, virtuous, religious’, bishop of Lichfield made offers to the king and Cromwell for the priory of Baswich to stand and the house paid 200 marks, at least 34 houses paid for exemption (giving about £7000 in all) and Cockersand gave most (£1100), Sir Simon Harcourt offered £100 to Cromwell and £20 from the house for continuation of Rainton in Staffordshire but thus was not enough so priory was closed down
392
Which communities were reprieved after the Dissolution and why? 7 points
To accommodate the many monks and nuns who sought transfers when their houses went down therefore several houses were exempted for paltry payments and about forty escaped without paying at all, in Yorkshire all but three of the nuns wished to stay cloistered, thirteen nunneries were reprieved to accommodate some of those who wanted to remain in religion, many monks were persuaded to leave their orders to become secular priests, over 90% of monks in Sussex were asked to leave but in midlands 78% wished to stay in their cloister, in Lancashire 80% of monks asked to remain in religion and 2/3 were willing to move elsewhere to do so, cockersand was exempted to lodge the Preminstratensians but the rest were thrown out anyway
393
What were the catalysts for revolt in Lincolnshire and the north? 5 points
Large number of resentful monks and nuns chased from their home in summer and autumn 1536 especially in Lincolnshire and the north, harvest of 1535 had been bad and 1536 harvest not much better, subsidy collectors busy collecting second instalment of taxes granted in 1534, possible discontent over enclosure and rents, Bishop of Lincoln’s commissaries were enforcing the injunctions and there were rumours the church plage would be confiscated and priests would be stripped of bénéfices
394
Describe the Louth rebellion
Sunday 1st Oct 1536 vicar of Louth warned congregation that the officials were due there the next day so the church plate was locked away and a watch send to guard it, officers and members of the subsidy commission seized, party sent off to Legbourne Priory to arrest the suppression commissioners, priests who had gathered at Louth for the visitation swore loyalty to church and people returned to their parishes to spread news or revolt
395
Where were events similar to Louth? 2 places
In Caistor on 3rd October they captured gentry and told them that the commons wished the king would take no more taxes, suppress no more monasteries, hand over Cromwell and Cranmer and heretic bishops for punishment. At horn castle the commons were raised in revolt by the rector of Belchford and the local gentry were brought in to join the revolt, on 4th Oct the mob murdered the bishops chancellor, the rebels at horncastle drew up a list of demands which included the popular concern for taxes and monasteries
396
Who joined the cause in Lincolnshire revolt and what were their demands? 7 points
They took an oath swearing to be true to almighty god and to Christ’s Catholic Church and to their sovereign lord the king, priests especially active as recruiters and some led their parishioners behind the church cross or consecrated host, several larger monasteries joined in, abbot of Barlings sent supplies and monks from their marched with the rebels, 40,000 rebels by 8th Oct, demands included no taxation in wartime/ repeal of the statute of uses/ liberties of church to be observed/ no suppression of monasteries/ heresy to be purged/ pardon for rebels, Henry had none of these and with difficulty persuaded them to disperse
397
How did the pilgrimage of grace begin? 4 points
4th October Robert Aske a Yorkshire lawyer was persuaded to take the Lincolnshire oath, 6th oct commons of south East Yorkshire began to rise, 8th Oct commons of Beverly held a muster, on 10th Oct Aske became chief captain and began to issue orders for recruitment and meetings,the purpose of the revolt circulated as the preservation of Christ’s church and of this realm of England and of the king our sovereign lord
398
Describe the events of the pilgrimage of grace in 7 points
Under Aske rebels began to converge on York (they were admitted to the city on 16th October), Aske had promulgated the rebel articles (end to suppression, repeal of statute of uses, reduction of taxes, punishment of Cromwell and Cranmer and heretics), Aske marched his men to Pontefract where lord darcy surrendered the royal castle and joined the rebel leadership by which point the rebel army was about 30,000 strong commanded by five lords and a host of knights, marched to Doncaster where they confronted a small royal force led by duke of Norfolk and earl of Shrewsbury, disagreement over rebel strategy because some wanted to defeat Norfolk and march on London but Aske persuaded them to camp at Doncaster and petition the king for redress, truce agreed between royal and rebel armies 27th October and two northern gentlemen sent to the king with pilgrims petition, most of rebel army disbanded but Aske and his fellows leaders were effectively the government of the north
399
How did Henry come to negotiations with rebels from the Pilgrimage of Grace? 3 points
Firstly made a blunt refusal to make consession and demanded execution of ringleaders but Norfolk knew this would reactivate the pilgrims army and produce a march on London so Henry was persuaded to offer negotiations, Aske summoned a rebel council at York so eight hundred representatives of rebel areas met there on 21-5 November and after much debate agreed to treat with Norfolk, second conference at Pontefract 2-4 December drew up a statement of grievances (24 Pontefract articles) and religious issues were debated by a meeting of senior clergy 4-5 December
400
How did the rebels restore monasteries after the POG? 7 points
As early as mid September 1536 four parishes in the Yorkshire Dales had taken an oath to protect monasteries, on 28th September the men of Hexham had chased off suppression commissioners, canons of coverham and st Agatha’s Richmond we’re restored to their houses on 11th October, monks of Sawley in West Yorkshire on the 12th, by the 16th the canons of Conishead in north Lancashire were back in their priory, Robert Aske issued orders on 16th October to regulate disputes between restored monks and lessees of confiscated estates and monks were to give receipts for supplies they needed, rebels restored 16 of 26 northern monasteries which had actually been dissolved
401
When and why did William Fairfax claim that the POG was the fault of the monks? 8 points
January 1537. He was the lessee if Ferriby priory which had been restored on 16th October when local men had called in Beverly rebels to help them, canons of knaresborough had been spreading rumours of new taxes early on in the rising, monks of Furness ordered their tenants to join the rising and threatened loss of lands for those who did not, abbot of Holm Cultram vowed to hang tenants who failed to turn out for rebel musters, prior of Bridlington sent two monks and eleven tenants to askes army, many houses gave provisions such as Whitby, larger abbeys had to be persuaded to join as they were reluctant to jeopardise their future by revolt, monks of Whaley took the pilgrim oath after threats to burn their corn
402
How did the pilgrimage of grace come to an end?
8th December Aske persuaded rebels to return home and surrendered his authority as chief captain, forty seven Lincolnshire rebels executed and 132 from the northern pilgrimage including 74 strung up by Norfolk under martial law however about 50,000 men had been involved in the rebel armies
403
How was there sympathy in southern counties for the Pilgrim cause? 4 points
At Windsor a priest tried to persuade those mustering for the royal army that any who joined the northern cause ‘did fight and defend gods quarrel’, jan 1537 attempt to get a Cornish pilgrimage and a banner for the five wounds was made to lead people in defence of saints days, at walsingham in April there was a plan to rise against the local gentry and defend the priory from suppression which ended with eleven executions, in June a group at fincham in Norfolk planned to follow the example of the men in the north and walsingham and four were executed
404
How did southern counties react to their fear about the future of parish churches and property?
1537 the parishioners of Aylesham in Norfolk sold their church lands and tried to sell church and cross plate before the king could seize them, churchwardens of Thame in Oxfordshire told the congregation after a service that the king was to seize crosses and jewels so it would be better to organise their own sale
405
How did the southern counties oppose the new learning? 5 points
1535 a London Fransiscan trusted that all those of the new learning would be executed and hoped for the same fate for Henry and Anne as their supporters, at Sturminster Newton in Dorset in 1536 the incumbent warned against heretics that read the New Testament in English, in Kent 1537 a priest said he would rather burn all English new testaments than buy or read any, Gloucester June 1536 the Sheriff protested against disruptive preachers and asked bishop stokesley and duke of Norfolk to warn Henry that preachers were going to far, in 1537 he petitioned Norfolk to have the whoreson heretic Bishop Latimer silenced
406
How was there opposition to the injunctions? 3 points
General assumption that the introduction of parish registers was in preparation for taxes on christenings and weddings and funerals, the clergy attacked the order to have an English bible in each church, parishes were slow to buy the bibles (very few outside London and cathedral cities had done so within two years and it was only after the threat of fines in 1541 that most parishes complied), in 1538 the vicar of Newark warned against English books licensed by the king and heretics who took down images
407
How did Thomas More oppose Henry’s reformation?
Refused to swear oath of Succession 1534, believed any change of the church had to come from the church itself, resigned as chancellor agree submission of the clergy
408
How did Bishop Fisher oppose Henry’s reformation?
Catherine of Aragon’s chief supporter, declared he was prepared to die on behalf of insolubility of the marriage but his personal involvement in the marriage and to an end after the case was removed to Rome, communicated secretly with Chapuys in sept 1533 encouraging HRE Charles to invade but Charles was busy
409
How did the role of Parliament change? 6 points
1529 Parliament in being for seven years and passed a quantity and range of laws unseen before which helped parliament develop its procedures MPs a level of experience which was rare, process of passing a bill after three readings in Lords and Commons became standard practice, if any future monarchs wanted to change laws that has been made they had to do so in cooperation with parliament, after the dissolution of the monasteries abbots disappeared and number of bishops slightly increased with the foundation of four new cathedrals while the number of peers increased to 55 by 1534, in the commons 14 new boroughs given the right to elect MPs, Parliament legislates in areas of church it was not previously involved in
410
What role did Wolsey play in the Court of Chancery?
Made decisions here that created legal precedents, established a permanent judicial committee to deal with cases brought by the poor, court in hice demand as a result of his actions and because he got distracted by foreign policy
411
What role did Wolsey play in the Court of Star Chamber?
Increased in important 1516 onwards and Wolsey wanted to dispense cheap and impartial justice (root corruption out), wanted to use it to challenge the power of the nobility
412
When was the second act of resumption and what did it do?
1515, many crown lands has been given away at start of Henry VIII reign so this act brings back some lands to the crown
413
Cromwell created _______ of statute through king in parliament
Omnicompetance
414
What was the Act of precedence?
Cromwell passed this which ordered government jobs with regards to importance, King at top then his secretary
415
How did the dissolution of the monasteries cause some social change?
Massive amounts of previously church owned land flooded the market and led to the rise of many gentry families
416
How did Henry debase the coinage and what impact did this have?
Henry reduced pire silver content in coins from 100 grains to 40 so he could keep the rest for himself and this caused price inflation because prices had to rise to get the same amount of silver by the seller
