Henry VIII Flashcards
(37 cards)
What were HVIII’s aims?
Dismantle unpopular aspects of his father’s reign (e.g ridding of Empson & Dudley)
Re-establishing role of nobility
What were HVIII’s foreign policy aims?
Establish himself as ‘warrior king’ through success in battle (like Henry V or Arthur)
Later moved to a peaceful FP but returned to war-like by the end of reign
What was HVII’s legacy?
4
A secure dynasty, peaceful FP, large sum of money and a conciliar form of gov
How did HVIII dismantle his father’s legacy?
Being a warrior king/war with France and spending money, using ministers rather than conciliar
How many times was Parliament called in HVIII’s reign?
9 times (mostly in second half of reign under Cromwell)
Time frame/types of government
1509-1515 conciliar
1515-1529 Wolsey
1529-1532 conciliar
1532-1540 Cromwell
1540-1547 conciliar
What can HVIII’s approach to government be described as?
Hands-off approach / delegates to ministers
What was the Court of Chancery?
When Wolsey became Lord Chancellor, he oversaw this
It became a popular method for seeking justice but too many cases were brought in
Dealt with enclosure, land left in wills…
What was the Court of Star Chamber?
Established in 1487 but not used much
Wolsey extended its use to increase cheap and fair justice in 1516
Proved too successful and forced to set up ‘overflow tribunals’ to deal with pressures of business
What was the Privy Chamber?
Only part of gov that was out of Wolsey’s control
King’s minions were distrusting of him so, in 1519, he secured their removal and replaced with his own supporters, however, most recovered their positions
What was the Tudor subsidy?
Established national committee to assess taxpayers wealth and raise extraordinary revenue for conflicts based on it
Wasn’t enough so Wolsey introduced Amicable Grant in 1525 - led to widespread resistance/almost rebellion
What were the Eltham Ordinances?
Reform finances in the Privy Council in 1526
Reduced no. of ppl in Privy Chamber
Gwyn argues it was financially motivated, Starkey argues Wolsey feared losing influence over king after unpopular Amicable Grant
What was the King’s Great Matter?
HVIII’s need to secure the annulment to CA
She was unable to produce male heir, HVIII falls in love with AB and wants divorce by 1527
Pope was under control of HRE Charles V who was CA nephew
How did HVIII argue for a divorce?
Leviticus prohibits a man lying with his dead brother’s wife and argued that marriage to CA was illegitimate due to this
CA claimed her marriage to Arthur was never consummated so ban didn’t apply
How did Wolsey fall from power?
Attempted to make judgement on legitimacy of marriage himself as papal legate
Pope send Cardinal Campeggio to hear the case, became clear that Wolsey failed to secure the annulment
1529 - accused of Praemunire (Papal legate acting by will of pope, not king)
Tried in 1530, died before execution
What and when was the Reformation Parliament?
1529-36
Initial reasons was to deal with Wolsey, later to deal with divorce and church
How was the divorce accomplished?
Through statute law over canon law
What was Collectanea Satis Copiosa?
Historical documents compiled by Cranmer and Foxe to justify the king’s divorce
Who replaced the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Warham, after his death in 1532?
Cranmer, leader of Reformation
What were the acts of Parliament which achieved the Break from Rome?
1533 Act of Restraints of Appeals - denied people to appease decisions against the pope - meant that CA couldn’t appeal to Rome against annulment
1534 Act of Succession - declared marriage to CA as void, succession would follow AB’s children
1534 Act of Supremacy - formally acknowledged HVIII as Head of CofE
How did Cromwell fall from power?
Had declining influence by 1540
Tried to reconcile HVIII after death of JS with League of Schmalkalden by marriage to AC
Bad match, quickly annulled, destroyed Cromwell’s credibility
Was accused of treason and heresy
Executed in 1540
What does Elton’s theory say about Cromwell?
There was a “Revolution in government”
More bureaucratic
Made specialised departments to deal with different issues
What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1509-1514?
Holy League (E, S, HRE, papacy against France)
1513 Battle of the Spurs against F - captured Therouanne and Tournai (Elton = ‘futile sideshow’)
1513 Battle of Flodden against Scotland (James IV killed but HVIII gained nothing)
1514 Wolsey secure marriage of Mary to Louis XII
What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1514-1526?
E relatively minor power against F and S (third fiddle?)
Auld alliance strong
1514 - no money so sort peace with F through marriage alliance
1517 Treaty of Cambrai between HRE and F left E isolated
1518 Treaty of London - general European peace
1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold near Calais, display of wealth, doesn’t achieve much
E invaded F in 1522
