Henry VIII Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
how did henry VIII style himself
A
a fecund (fertile) prince who could secure the tudor dynasty
2
Q
what were hviii’s overarching aims
A
- maintaining englands security and stability
- pursure glory and war against france (copying Henry V’s sucess)
- establish england as an important european power
- preserve tudor dynasty especially succession
3
Q
what were hviii’s early aims
A
legitimate his authority, establish self a s king, distance himself from his fathers policies
4
Q
what were HVII’s aims by the end of the 1520s
A
Divorce catherine of aragon and marry anne boleyn
this led to focusing on becoming rex imperator/ an imperial king.
By 1530 he aimed to rid england of papal authority
5
Q
how did HVIII attack his father’s advisors and institutions
A
- arrested empson and dudley (HVII’s financial enforcers)
- shut down the council learned in law
6
Q
when were the smaller monasteried dissolved.
when were the larger monasteries dissolved
by what year had they all gone?
A
1536 - smaller
1539 - larger
all gone by 1540
7
Q
what was the valor ecclesiasticus in 1535
A
a census of the church’s wealth
8
Q
according to the valor ecclesiasticus how much did monasteries hold
A
around 3 million£
9
Q
when was the valor ecclesiasticus
A
1535
10
Q
what did cromwell’s six agents produce on the monasteires
A
a mass of mainly fabricated or exxagerated evidence that they were corrupt.
11
Q
what 3 reasons did cromwell have to dissolve the monasteries
A
- taking their wealth and land
- dealing with opposition to change
- giving more power to the corwn
12
Q
how were cromwell and wolsey similar
A
cromwell worked under wolsey before taking his place
both were low born
13
Q
what happened in 1535 which was a turning point in the speed of religious reforms
A
cromwell became vicegerent, making him the most powerful man in the church aside from the king
14
Q
what was cromwells role in the reformation, name 5 things
A
- used parliament to confirm royal supremacy
- came up with accusations agianst church and monasteires
- dissolved monasteries
- bible in the vernacular
- constructed case against anne boeyln
15
Q
what case in 1515 caused parliament to clash with wolsey
A
hunne case
16
Q
what was the new extraordinary tax wolsey got parliament to approve in 1523
A
subsidy
17
Q
what was a subsidy tax based on
A
income rather than wealth
18
Q
which country did hviii attack in 1512 and who had they just allied with
A
King James IV of scotland had allied to France in 1512, In 1512 england attacked france.
19
Q
in response to HVIII invading france, what did Scotland do in 1513
A
invaded england. Catherine of aragon sent troops commanded by the earl of surrey which led to a famous victory at flodden
20
Q
what happened under catherine of aaragons command in 1513
A
the battle of flodden feidl, james IV of scotland and the core of the scottish nobility were killed.
21
Q
who was a part of the holy league against france in 1512
A
spain, the holy roman empire and the papacy
22
Q
who promised to join england attacking france in 1512 and what happened
A
spain, ferdinand of aragon (henrys father in law) they did not arrive as promised.
englands army suffered dysentery and drunkenness
23
Q
how many troops did henry lead into france in 1513 and what happened
A
30,000
a minor victory “the battle of the spurs”
the english took the towns of tornai and therouanne
24
Q
what did england and france do in 1514
A
made peace with the anglo- french treaty. This gave england tournai
the hre and spain had already done so
25
what happened in france in 1515
a new king took over , francis I, and he invaded northern italy and captured milan. this was a far greater victory than henry's in 1513
26
what was the treaty of london and when did it take place.
1518 , wolsey designed a treaty signed by 24 european states. Each one signed an agreement with england, making HVIII the heart of the process
27
how long did henry's status as a peacemaker last following the treaty of london
until 1522, for 4 years
28
whos reputation was enhanced by the battle of flodden
the english army
29
what did wolsey negotiate in 1526
Joining france, the pope, venice and florence in the league of congac against the hasburgs.
30
what clerical position did wolsey hold
papal legate
31
what did wolsey do to improve the cost effectiveness of monasteries
monasteries with fewer than six clergymen were closed
32
what did the eltham ordinances of 1526 seek to do
resturcture the privy chambers finances. they also minimised the influence of wolseys rivals
33
what legal position did wolsey hold and what did this mean
lord chancellor
it was his responsibility to oversee and improve the legal system
34
what was wolsey not despite his position as lord chancellor
a trained lawyer - historians criticise his limited reforms and argue he did not truly understand what was needed to improve the system
35
why did wolsey establish the amicable grant and did it succesd
it was a subsidy to increase funds for henry viii's foreign policy.
it failed
36
what does the great matter refer to
HVIII's dillemma as the pope refused to grant him a divorce
37
why did hviii claim his marriage to catherine of aragon should be anulled
she had been married to his brother first
38
what nulled henry viii's argument for anullment
catherine insisted she had not consummated her relationship with arthur
39
what happened in 1532 to anne boelyn and what did this mean
she became pregnant
henry viii needed to marry her to legitimise the baby
40
who secretly married henry and anne boelyn
cranmer the archbishop
41
what was wolseys first failing in 1525
the amicable grant an attempt to fund henry viiis war in france. it resulted in rebellion and henry had to pull out of the war
42
who provided legal grounds for henry to anull his marriage
cromwell
43
when was the act of succession and what did it do for henrys marriage
1534
the english parliament granted henry a divorce through it
44
when was the act of ten articles and what did it do to the seven catholi sacraments
1536
it rejected four of them
45
what book was published in 1537 and what did it provide
bishops book
attacked abuses of catholic superstitions, but also restored the missing four sacraments the act of ten articles had rejected
46
when was the act of six articles and which religion did it favour/ what did it confirm
1539 , it favoured catholicism.
it confirmed key beleifs including confession and transubstantiation.
it banned protestant beleifs eg. married clergy.
47
in what year did cromwell send out visitations to find evidence against monks and nuns
1535
48
when was the first act of annates And what did it do
1532
suspended payments to rome from the clergy
49
when was the act in restraint of appeals and what did it do
1533
no appeals could be made to the pope / rome
the king was the head of the church
50
when was the act of succession and what did it do
1534
annulled hviii and catherine marriage
disinherited princess mary
became treason to deny hviii and annes marriage
51
when was the act of supremacy and what did it do
1534
henry was the supremw head of the church of england
all clergy had to swear an oath to it
52
what did the treason act do
it became treasonable to call the king/ queen a heretic / deny the royal supremacy.
53
cromwell relied on what to pass necessary legislation for henrician reforms
parliament
54
which faction was thomas cranmer a part of
protestant
55
the articles of faith show that cromwell pushed for what
doctrinal reform
56
when did Henry VIII die
1547
57
What was, arguably, the most noticeable change in the Church to an ordinary layman?
vernacular scripture
58
What Were Henry VIII's religious views
conservative
59
name two individuals who were executed for refusing the oath of supremacy
Thomas More
John Fisher
60
how much did the laity (non clergy) experience change during the reform period
not much.
61
which period in the 1530s saw a lot of reforms which Henry VIII then had a conservative backlash to
1535 - 1538
62
what shows henry viis conservative backlash in 1539
the tone of the act of six articles
63
when was the pilgrimage of grace
1536
64
when was the northern rebellion
1559
65
which areas of england remained resistant to or untouched by protestant influences
North and west
66
which parts of society were affected by the dissolution of monasteries
all of it
67
what had monasteries often provided to children who could not afford it
education , care for the sick.
68
what were the religious reasons for the pilgrimage of grace
supression of monasteries
69
who led the pilgrimage of grace and how many took part
robert aske
40,000
70
what were the economic reasons for the pilgrimage of grace
there had been an extreme expansion in tax
71
what did rebels in the pilgrimage of grace demand, there are 6 things here
ending the statute of uses, a property law
pricess mary to be restored to the succession
dismissal of cromwell
stopping enclosure
elections
catholic church rights to be restored
72
how many monks and nuns were impacted by the dissolution of monasteries
thousands
73
what did cromwell change the royal council into
the privy council , smaller and more professional
74
when did thomas cromwell emerge as henry viii's new cheif minister
1532
75
which two events happened on the same day in 1540
cromwell was executed
henry viii and catherine howard married
76
who led the conservative faction in the 1540s and name some key figures
The Duke of Norfolk
Stephen Gardiner, thomas wriothsley
76
which marriage did cromwell arrange that embarrassed henry
Anne of Cleves
77
Who led the reformist faction in the 1540s and who were some key figures
Edward Seymour and Archbishop cranmer
Thomas seymour, Catherine Parr
78
what changes did the conservative faction accept but what did they oppose
accepted the break with rome, but opposed the rise of new men such as cromwell, and protestantism.
79
when did catherine parr marry henry viii
1543
80
which faction was catherine parr a part of
protestant / reformist
81
which clergyman did the conservative faction try to frame in 1543 and what did henry do
Cranme
Henry VIII rejected the accusations and put cranmer in charge of investigating them.
82
Which noble did conservatives also plot against in 1543 and what did Henry do
Catherine parrr
he alerted her and supported her
83
Why did the seymours (wqho were prostestants) have a strong position
- one had led english forces to victory against scotland
- two were prince edward's uncles
84
Which two protestants did henry viii stand by in the 1540s
catherine parr and cranmer
85
which faction had control of the dry stamp in 1546
protestant/ reformists
86
who made head of privy chamber and spent much time with henry as his health declined - and what faction was he
Sir Anthony denny
he was a protestant/ reformist
87
which conflict dominated the 1530s
henry viii's conflict with the papacy
88
which treaty was signed in 1538 and what did it mean for england
treaty of nice
it declared a truce between Fancis I of france and Charles V, holy roman emperor.
this meant england was more likely to be threatened as france and the HRE were no longer at war.
89
why did henry feel secure even when divorcing anne of cleves?
Threat against england was diminishing , a protestant alliance was not so necessary.
90
which country did James V of scotland pursue closer relations with 1538 - 1541
France
91
In what year did the english invade and defeat the scots at solway moss
1541
92
which battle did James V of scotland die during and who was left to rule scotland
1541 solway moss
His baby daughter, mary
93
what did henry propose in 1543 at the treaty of greenwich and what did this lead to
that queen mary and his son edward marry.
This treaty then collapsed, leading to war. Scotland turned to france for help .
94
when was the "rough wooing" and what was it
from 1544-1545 , a series of english raids on the scottish borders.
this was due to the scottish refusing to marry queen mary with hvii's son edward.
95
who were the hasburgs
a family who established a major empire + dynasty through europe.
They held the title of HRE from 1438 for centuries.
96
which two titles did Charles V hold and which group did he lead against france
Holy roman emperor
King of spain
the hasburgs
97
who did france ally with in 1542 and who did this lead henry to ally with
france allied with the ottoman turks against the hasburgs
therefore henry allied with the hasburgs against the french
98
what happened to henry in 1544
he went to france with 48,000 men and took bolougne
meanwhile france and the hasburgs / charles V , made peace.
France then threatened to invade england but their attempt failed as english coast defences were reinforced.
99
sum up the outcomes of HVIII's foreign policy post 1538
- scotland left feeling alienated by the rough wooing
- prevented france and scotland joining against him
- acheived glory in france with boulogne
- this as well as the war w scotland cost £2 million. sold off monastic land, debased coinage and borrowed.
- this led to inflation and financial problems for his kids
100
when was the treaty of Nice and what did it do
1538
a ten year truce between Francis I of france and Charles V, holy roman emperor.
This was notable as the true rulers hated one another so much they refused to sit in a room together.
101
what did the earl of kildare rebel against and who did he align himself with
The royal supremacy
aligned himself w the pope and the hasburgs/ holy roman emperor
102
what happened as a result of the earl of kildares rebellion against the royal supremacy
The rebellion was brutally surpressed
the fitzgeralds lost their position as lord deputies of ireland
103
what did henry viii do to ireland in 1540
name 4 things
- declared a new kingdom of ireland under an english govener
- all land surrendered to the crown, to be returned once the owners swore loyalty.
- english common law extended into ireland
- some irish lords could attend parliament in return
104
how significant were HVIII's late policies in ireland
- there was little firm english control beyond dublin
- began the move away from irelands traditional clan- based structure to a more centralised monarchy
- the irish stuck with the pope/ catholicism
105
