Henry VIII Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What were Henry VIII early aims:
A
- establish his status through marriage
- re-establish the role of the nobility
- to establish himself as a warrior king through an invasion of France
2
Q
Henry’s main functions of parliament:
A
- grant extraordinary revenue
- pass law
3
Q
How many times did he call parliament before 1529?
A
4
4
Q
How many parliaments were called when Wolsey was the Kings advisor?
A
one (1514-29)
5
Q
What were Cromwell’s attitudes towards parliament?
A
he exploited its legislative possibilties
6
Q
What form of gov did Henry use from 1509 to 1514?
A
counciliar
7
Q
What factors brought Henry’s use of counciliar gov to an end in 1514?
A
- reluctance of some of his fathers concilliars to support a French war
- as he became more attuned to governing
- He surrounded himself with young like-minded people
- he became impressed with the organisation of Thomas Wolsey
8
Q
What were Wolsey’s main concerns?
A
- legal system
- formation of domestic policy + political decision making.
9
Q
Different aspects of the Privy chamber:
A
- kings young courtiers (minions) were gentlemen of the privy chamber
-they distrusted Wolsey who set himself the task of neutralizing their influence
-1519 Wolsey removed minions and replaces them with his own supporters - the privy chamber is one part of the gov outside Wolsey’s immediate control
10
Q
Court of Chancery:
A
- created by Wolsey
- used court to deal with problems relating to enclosures, contracts + land left in wills
11
Q
Court of Star Chamber:
A
- Wolsey’s most distinctive legal contribution
- center of both gov + justice under Wolsey
- increased cheap and fair justice (1516)
- used for all cases + also private law suits
12
Q
What were the Eltham Ordinances?
A
in 1526 Wolsey introduced this in order to reform the finances of the privy chamber.
he secured a reduction in the amount of gentlemen of the privy chamber ( the one area in which he didn’t have immediate control)
he secured the removal of Henry’s groom of the stool
13
Q
How did Wolsey try to secure the annulment?
A
under the Levitican argument that Henry’s marriage with Catherine of Aragon was never valid
14
Q
What was Wolsey charged with + when?
A
in Oct 1529 he was charged with Praemunire ( which was the maintenance of papal jurisdiction in England which was against the supremacy of the monarch - therefore because he failed in completing the annulment)
15
Q
When did Wolsey die?
A
Nov 29th 1530
Wolsey died at Leicester abbey before he could be executed
16
Q
When was Cromwell’s period of influence?
A
1532 - 1540
17
Q
What did Cromwell suggest that Henry should do?
A
make a break from Rome and place himself as head of the church
18
Q
What document justified the King’s divorce?
A
Collectanea Satis Copiosa
19
Q
When was Princess Elizabeth born?
A
7th Sept 1533
20
Q
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals in 1533?
A
it stated that appeals could not be made to Rome regarding court decisions because the monarch possessed an imperial jurisdiction
this meant the Catherine of Aragon couldn’t appeal to Rome against the marriage annulment
21
Q
What did the 1532 Act of Succession declare?
A
Succession will be vested in Anne’s children
to deny the Henry’s marriage to Anne was treasonable
22
Q
What did the 1534 Act of Supremacy do?
A
- accomplish break from Rome
- placed Henry as supreme leader of the church
23
Q
What did the 1534 Treason Act state?
A
treason could be committed through spoken word
24
Q
The fall of Anne Boleyn:
A
Cromwell felt threatened by Anne and persuaded Henry that Anne’s flirtatious behaviour had led to adultery and was accused of this and incest.
She was executed in May 1536
in catholic eyes Henry was now a widower and free to remarry
25
Cromwell's downfall
his failure to manage the kings marital affairs satisfactorily
Cromwell organised marriage of Henry and Anne of Cleaves a German protestant princess to create an alliance with of schmalkalden
marriage was quickly annulled and Cromwell was executed for treason and heresy in July of 1540
26
Gov in Henry's last years 1540 - 47
- conciliar gov was restored
- privy council with fixed members
27
Why did Henry's marriage to Catherine Howard not work out ?
- allegations of affair between Howard + distant cousin
- despite youth she was already sexually experienced
Catherine was executed in Feb 1542
28
Henry's marriage to Katherine Parr:
Norfolk tried unsuccessfully to accuse Katherine Parr of heresy
29
What treaty was reinstated in 1510?
the treaty of Etaples ( France )
30
When was the Battle of Flodden?
1513 - Henry couldn't take this to his advantage because of a lack of funds
31
What year was Henry first invasion of France?
1512
- they won at the Battle of Spurs ( propaganda used to be seen as a great victory )
- captured towns Therouanne + Tournai
resulting in French pension being lost.
32
How did Wolsey pick up the pieces in 1514?
Due to Ferdinand and Maximillian both making separate peace with France
Wolsey had to :
- recover etaples pension
- secure marriage between Louis XII and Henry's sister Mary
33
What is the 'Auld alliance'?
strong alliance between Scotland and France
34
Treaty if Cambrai:
1517 - treaty between Charles V ( emperor Maximilian ) and France
left England dangerously isolated
35
How did Francis I undermine Anglo-Scottish relations in 1517 ?
By making the Duke of Albany ,a member of the French nobility, appoint as a regent to the Scottish throne
Henry and Wolsey saw him as a French agent
The threat was minimised however due to the divisions in the Scottish nobility
Henry showed himself incapable of exploiting divisions and weaknesses in Scotland
36
When was Francis I crowned ?
1515
37
Successful treaty put together by Wolsey in 1518?
Treaty of London
this treaty ended English isolation
extended the 'Treaty of Perpetual Peace' between many more states - leading European nations.
38
Why was the Treaty of London such a success for Wolsey?
The pope appointed Wolsey papal legate over England because of it.
39
When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold ? and who was it between ?
June 1920
Francis I and Henry
it ended up costing about 15k
40
French invasion of 1522-23 :
Henry attempted to benefit from emperors defeat of French of Battle of Pavia. He did this by suggesting to Charles a joint invasion of France.
but Charles V backed out
and their was a lack of public support due to the Amicable Grant of 1525
41
Consequence of Henry's failed 1522-23 invasion of France :
- his ego was bruised
- Charles scrapped his marriage alliance with Mary
- Wolsey never really recovered diplomatically
42
What was the anti-imperial treaty with France in 1927 called ?
- Treaty of Ameins
- Henry and Wolsey forced to sign because of weak position
43
What made it impossible for Henry to solve his marital issues diplomatically?
Charles V strength and dominance over the Pope ( peace of Cambrai )
44
What was the Six Articles Act of 1539 ?
reasserted traditional catholic doctrine as the basis of faith for the English church.
denial of catholic beliefs was made punishable by law
45
Who was the Earl of Kildare ?
- dominant Irish nobleman
- Dismissed in 1534 due to a breakdown of his and the kings relationship.
- this led to a major rebellion
46
Kildare rebellion 1534 :
- Irish rebellion
- suppressed with difficulty and expense
- gov eventually gained control and brought Ireland back under English law in 1541
- however gov lacked resources to follow through on reforms
- after 1534 English and Irish relationship had become even more complex due to religious differences
47
English invasion of Scotland 1542 :
-resulted in a victory at the Battle of Soloway Moss
- shortly after James V died
could have done a full scale invasion but Henry's main interest lied with France
48
Succession Act of 1534 :
- declared Mary illegitimate
- Elizabeth is the heir
49
1536 Succession Act :
no legitimate heir
50
Laws in Wales Act of 1536 :
- divided Wales into shire counties like England is
- gave Welsh shires direct representation in the House of Commons
- brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
51
1543 Succession Act:
re-legitimates Mary and Elizabeth
52
Who did princess Mary, Henrys sister, marry in 1514 ?
Louis XII of France
53
When did Louis XII die ?
1515 and was succeeded by Francis I
54
What year did Ferdinand of Aragon die ?
1516
55
What + when was the Treaty of Noyan ?
a treaty in 1516 between Francis I + Charles V which brought the war of the League if Cambrai to a close
56
What and when was the Treaty of Cambrai ?
in 1517 it ended the French involvement in the war of the League of Cognac between Francis I and Charles V
57
When was King Charles elected the HRE ?
1519
58
When and what was the treaty of Bruges ?
in 1521 a secret treaty alliance between England and Spain signed during the Italian wars. It sought to establish a date for war with France waged by an Anglo-Hapsburg alliance
59
By the end of H8 reign how many more peers were there then at the beginning ?
9
60
How did new peers achieve ranks ?
as a result of sucessful royal service as courtiers or soldiers
some cases close family relationship
61
Who was the one Duke when H8 came to the throne ?
Duke of Buckingham
62
Who did H8 promote to the title of Duke ?
Norfolk - restored title enjoyed by father
Suffolk - on account of closeness with the king
63
Nobels that fell victim to H8 ?
- Duke of Buckingham executed for treason on vague charges in 1521
- Henry Pole Baron Montague and Henry Courtenay Marquess of Exeter accussed of treason and executed in 1538
- Lords Darcy and Hussey were executed for their roles in the rebellion of 1536
64
How many gentry families were in England in 1540 ?
about 5000
65
How many knightly families were there in 1524 ?
200
66
Commoners during H8's reign ?
- little dramatic change
- rise in inflation did lead to drop in real incomes which contributed to ill feelings towards Amicable Grant
67
What did the Laws in Wales Act of 1536 do ?
- divided Wales into shire counties which operated on same basis as English counterparts
- gave the Welsh shires direct representation in the House of Commons for first time
- brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
68
What English counties were technically 'palatinates' ?
- Lancashire
- Cheshire
- Durham
69
In which counties was palatinate jurisdiction exercised by a bishop ?
Durham
70
What is the Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown of 1536 ?
it reduced the level of independence enjoyed by the bishop but did not destroy it completely
71
What bordering English counties came under the jurisdiction of the Council of Wales and the Marches ?
- Shropshire
- Herefordshire
- Worcestershire
- Gloucestershire
72
What does the Council of Wales and the Marches offer ?
relatively cheap and local access to the law
73
What was common at the Anglo-Scottish border ?
- cattle and sheep rustling
- violence
74
How were problems at the Scottish border dealt with ?
it was split into 3 marches each under the jurisdiction of a warden
75
How many people were determined to resist the Amicable Grant ?
1000
76
What did resistance to the Amicable Grant show ?
H8 could not operate in defiance of the tax paying classes
when next invaded France he supplemented extraordinary revenue with cash from sale of monastic lands
77
When did the Lincolnshire rising begin ?
2 Oct 1536 at Louth - Lincolnshire
78
When did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin ?
8 Oct 1536 in East Riding of Yorkshire
79
Who led the Pilgrimage of Grace ?
Robert Aske
80
When did the rebellion spread to ?
into East Riding of Yorkshire and continued into parts of West Riding around Wakefield and Pontefract
81
Where did a second more militant rising start ?
in the dales between Ripon and Richmond and spread west into Cumberland, Westmorland and north Lancashire, north to Durham and South west to the Craven area of West Riding of Yorkshire
82
Where were the rebels more radicalised and hostile towards the gentry ?
West Riding of Yorkshire
83
How was class antagonist made clear in the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace?
letters from rebels were sent out in the name of 'Captain Poverty'
84
Causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace :
- gov was pushing to quickly for fundemental religious changes
- secular motives also played a part
85
Religious motives for the Pilgrimage of Grace :
- dissolution of the monasteries would result in loss of charitable and educational functions that some monasteries provided, possible loss of parish churches which were monastic property, fear north would become impoverished as monastic land would fall to southerners, usefulness of facilities that monasteries offered --- importance of monasteries can be seen in attempts to restore some of the houses which had been suppressed
- fear for parish churches and traditional religious practices - 1536 Injunctions drawn up by Cromwell were seen as attacking traditional religious practices : celebration of locally important saints had been discouraged, pilgrimages had been discouraged, rumours that church plates and jewelles would be confiscated and parishes may be united to form one
86
Secular motives for the Pilgrimage of Grace :
- ordinary rebels were generally more motivated by economic grievances including resentment towards taxation
- crowns attempt to impose the Duke of Suffolk upon Lincolnshire as a great magnate
- courtly conspiracies prompted by councillors who supported catherine of Aragon to restore Princess Mary as hier - they were able to exploit the religious and financial concerns of the northerners to put pressure on the king as part of the factional politics of the reign
- extention of the rebellion west of Pennies into Cumberland and Westmorland has been linked to particular tenants' grievances
87
What are the Pontefract Articles ?
a comprehensive set of rebel demands and a range of grievances
88
When did the Lincolnshire rebellion collapse ?
when faced with the forces of the Duke of Suffolk
89
How was the Pilgrimage of Grace suppressed ?
the king sent an army north under Norfolk who issued a pardon and promise
90
What was Norfolks promise if the Pilgrimage of Grace stopped ?
that the dissolved monasteries would be restored and a free parliament established -- king had no intention of honouring this
most of rebel forces dispersed
91
What gave H8 the excuse to go back on his word ?
when the rebellion was renewed in Cumberland and East Riding in Feb 1537
92
1537 rebellion suppression :
- Norfolk quickly suppressed declared martial law and hanged 74 rebels
after the initial harshness we used the proper legal process and a number of rebel leaders such as Darcey and Hussey were brought to London tried and executed
93
How did H8 deal with the rebellion poorly ?
he ignored warnings about the increase in resentment
94
What did the PofG do for the pace for religious change ?
it did not change it
95
What was their a continuous rise in with English trade ?
cloth exports - wollen cloth almost doubled during H8's reign
96
What happened to the market for raw wool during H8's reign ?
it declined
97
What happened to the exports of tin and hides during H8's reign ?
they increased
98
What did the increase import of wine suggest ?
the spending power of the more prosperous class increased
99
What was the leading route for exports ?
London to Antwerp
100
What did cloth being routed through London do to other cities ?
negative impact
Southampton enjoyed a boom in trade with Venice but it was short-lived
101
What was the biggest change in the cloth industry ?
the increase in cheaper fabrics such as kersey
102
What % of cloth exports were transported by English merchants from the 1550s ?
70
103
How did the woollen industry largely operate ?
on a domestic basis
work was not always secure and could lead to poverty
104
Who made serious profit in the cloth industry ?
rich and entrepreneurial clothiers who were able not only to acquire wealth but also enhance their social status
105
What happened to mining industries ?
some growth in Cornwall, high Pennines and the northeast of England
by middle of century there were 26 blast furnaces
106
Points that show England was economically healthier under Tudors:
- population grew significantly since 1525
- from 1520s agricultural prices rose so so did farming incomes - enhanced by engrossing
- Debasement of coinage created a short-term artificial boom in 1544 to 46
107
What is engrossing ?
joining together of two or more farms to make a single agricultural unit
108
Points that show that England wasn't economically healthier under Tudors:
- bad harvests ( 1520-21 ) ( 1527- 29 )
- real wages after a period of stability began to decline
- assessment for subsidies indicated considerable urban poverty -- over half of population of coventry were recorded as having no personal wealth
- evidence of growing unemployment amongst rural labourers
- some people seem to have been made homeless on account of engrossing
109
What did enclosures lead to ?
the poor having to leave their homes - harmful social effects
110
When was their legislation against enclosures ?
1489 and 1515
but there was no real grasp of extent of problem
111
Who launched an enclosure commision in 1517 ?
Wolsey
112
What did the enclosure commission do ?
it ascertained scale of problem and launched proceeding successfully against 188 defendants found to have enclosed illegally
113
Why did society become more polarised ?
there was a growing class of substantial farmers who were able or fortunate enough to respond effectively to changing market conditions and who enjoyed much better material conditions as a result
114
What ideas began to flourish among the elites in H8's reign ?
Renaissance ideas
115
What can Renaissance ideas flourishing be attributed to ?
the king himself he encouraged thinkers such as Erasmus and More and commisioned the effigies on his parents tomb
116
Humanism in education ?
the most significant humanist voice in education was John Colet
and by the end of H8's reign humanist influences had gained a lasting hold on university curricula
117
Why should we not exaggarate the importance of erasmian humanism ?
its scope was quite limited and much of the change that took place stemmed from the influence of new religious thinking rather than simply scholarly renaissance humanism
118
Signs of the influence of Renaissance ideas on English culture in H8's reign:
- classical learning increased amongst elites
- more schools became influences by humanist approaches to education
- H8 saw himself as a promoter of new ideas and of humanism
- crown needed well educated diplomats who could communicate with their counterparts in other countries in a fashionably elegant style
119
Who was the most important English humanist writer ?
Thomas More
120
An example of how renaissance ideas had an increasing influence of visual culture ?
H8 commisioned the italian sculpture Torrigiano to produce tombs of his parents and grandmother, Margaret Beaufort in the renaissance style --- they were placed in the Lady Chapel of Westminster
121
What was the most distinctive influence on church music ?
Flemish
122
What does Flemish being a influence on church music show ?
that while Italian Renaissance influences were becoming more fashionable, Englands's main cultural links reflected the close commercial ties which existed between England and the Low countries
123
Weaknesses of the Church :
- Corruption
- Anticlericalism
- decline of monasticism
124
How was the church corrupt ?
a range of offences involving corruption was associated with the church. These included pluralism ( receiving the profits of more than one post ), simony ( the purchase of church office ) and non-residence ( receiving the profits of a post but not being present to perform the duties associated with it )
best example of a corrupt clergyman is Cardinal Wolsey
125
What is anticlericalism and how was it caused ?
it is opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy
caused by incidents of clerical misconduct - the worst example concerned the death of Richard Hunne in 1514
126
The murder of Richard Hunne, 1514 :
a London merchant found dead in his cell in the Bishop of London's prison, appeared as if he hanged himself but was murdered ( most likely an attempt at torture gone wrong ) -- this was disastrous for the reputation of the church
127
What is an argument that states why monasteries were dissolved with speed ?
they were a relic of a bygone age and lost its sense of direction ease and speed of dissolving the monasteries supports this argument
on the other hand others such as Observant were flourishing right up to final days
128
From 1529 who was appartently helping to shape royal policy ?
a group of humanists with shared ideals based on the ideas of Erasmus
129
How did the 2 most influential humanists feel towards religious changes ?
Thomas More and Bishop Fisher paid with their lives for their opposition to the religious changes
130
Example of a religious reformer with humanist connections ?
Archbishop Cranmer
131
Why did some humanists go along with reforms ?
to maintain their lives and positions
for example Bishop Gardiner
132
Who tutored Edward and Elizabeth ?
humanists
133
When was the Act of Supremacy ?
1534
134
What did the Act of Supremacy state?
the king becomes supreme head of the church
135
What did the king appoint Cromwell in 1534 ?
Vicegerent in Spirituals
136
What did being Vicegerent in Spirituals mean for Cromwell ?
he was second to the king
gave him considerable power over the Church
137
What were the six new dioceses ?
an attempt to improve the Church's administration
138
What was the survey set up by Cromwell in 1535 to discover how wealthy the church was ?
Valor Ecclesiasticus
139
How did Cromwell get the evidence to justify dissolving the monasteries?
4 'visitors' were sent around the country to inspect monastic institutions - with instructions to find evidence of weakness and corruption and found much to criticise
140
What did the 'visitors' evidence let Cromwell do ?
bring in an Act of Parliament in 1536 to dissolve the smaller monasteries - those with an income of under 200 annually
141
When was an act dissolving the remaining monasteries passed ?
1539
142
By what point had all remaining religious houses been dissolved ?
March 1540
143
How were traditional religious practises attacked ?
- 1536 set of royal injunctions ( placed restriction on amount of holy days and discouraged pilgrimages )
- 1538 injunctions ( radical ) ( pilgrimages and honouring relics and images were condemned as 'works devised by men's fantasies' also required each parish church to acquire an English Bible )
144
When did the first edition of the Great Bible appear ?
1539
145
What did the Act for the Advancement of True Religion of 1543 do and why ?
it restricted the public reading of the bible to upperclass males and H8 was fearful of allowing the wrong sorts of people to read the wrong parts of the bible
word of good was very well but not if it loosened the bonds of social control on which good order depended
146
Changes to doctrine :
protestant beliefs introduced such as: justification by faith and consubstantiation ( bread and while spiritually blood and body not physically )
147
Significance of the 1536 Ten Articles :
ambigious document which showed both Lutheran and Catholic influences on development of doctrine
- definition of Eucharist was ambiguous ( catholic )
148
What did the 1537 Bishop Book do ?
restored the 4 sacrements omitted from 10 articles but they were given lower status
149
What did the 1539 6 articles act do ?
reinstated catholic doctrine
150
What was the 1543 King's book a revise of ?
the 1537 Bishop's book
151
What language were services held in?
Latin
152
