Henry VIII Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
3 Words to describe Henry
A
vain, egotistical, handsome
2
Q
Main goals throughout his reign
A
INITIALLY: To distance himself from his father’s unpopular policies
- securing the Tudor dynasty through providing a male heir to the throne
- Achieve glory on the battlefield, particularly in France and establish England’s power and authority internationally - supreme power
3
Q
Hobbies
A
Sport, hunting, music
4
Q
Why did Henry want to distance himself from his father’s policies?
A
Many of his father’s policies were unpopular. Henry VII had come to the throne through right of conquest, which didn’t guarantee loyalty nationally or internationally he therefore felt extremely insecure throughout his reign and focussed his efforts on reducing the power of the nobility and removing Yorkist threats to the throne.
Henry VIII felt much more secure when he inherited the throne, he believed it was his right to be King and it was his destiny.
5
Q
How did Henry try and dissociate himself from his father’s unpopular policies?
A
Through attacking his father’s advisors, he arrested Empson and Dudley
Removed the council learned in law which acted as a royal debt collector
6
Q
Who did Henry marry at the start of his reign + benefits?
A
Catherine of Aragon
Secured an alliance with Spain
7
Q
How had Henry VII left the crown’s finances for Henry VIII?
A
In an extremely stable position, there was £300,000 royal coffers
8
Q
Why did Henry VIII rarely use parliament, hw many times early in his reign?
A
Took less of an interest in parliamentary affairs than his father
Before 1529 he had only called parliament twice
9
Q
Which 2 times did Henry VIII call parliament before 1529?
A
- 1515 - Hunne case, Richard hunne was refusing to pay taxes on his baby’s burial. He was arrested then murdered - evidence of anti-clericalism in parliament
- 1523 - parliament was called to grant Henry higher taxation
10
Q
Why was Parliament used more frequently by Henry after 1529?
A
Given the circumstances of Henry’s desire for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, parliament had a key role in changing the country’s religion and grant acts such as the act of supremacy in 1534
11
Q
How did Henry use his chief ministers?
A
H, unlike his father took little interest in affairs in parliament. Left most affairs in parliament up to his chief ministers - they were therefore extremely powerful and had a lot of influence
12
Q
Characteristics of Wolsey
A
Intelligent - Won a scholarship to study priesthood at Oxford at just 15
Committed - prioritised the needs of the King and served him well
13
Q
When was Wolsey born?
A
1572 - son of a butcher
14
Q
Titles Wolsey gained
A
He was able to quickly gain higher titles in church
1515 -Lord Chancellor
1518 - Papal Legate
1524 - legate a latere
15
Q
Wolsey’s rise in court
A
- Gained recognition in court at the end of Henry VII’s reign through Bishop fox who was one of Henry’s most trusted councillors
- The new found atmosphere in Henry VIII’s court meant ambitious men like Wolsey were able to gain recognition from Henry
- Henry recognised Wolsey for his intelligence, organisational skills and his ability to guess what the King wanted to hear. Henry’s frustrations with the cautious advice of his father’s councillors was becoming extremely evident, he was looking for new, fresh, ambitious councillors
- By 1512 Henry had entrusted Wolsey with the expedition to France. This was a huge success for W.
By 1515 he had been rewarded with the title of Lord Chancellor
By 1518 he had been rewarded with the title of papal legate
16
Q
Negative characteristics of Wolsey
A
Vindictive Manipulative Controlling - used his titles and power to control members of Henry's royal council Entitled Arrogant
17
Q
Why did Wolsey have enemies in court?
A
Said to have used his titles and power to manipulate the King and control other members of henry’s regency council
18
Q
Example of Wolsey’s enemies in court
A
Duke of Buckingham
Rumour in 1520 he had been claiming that Henry wouldn’t last long as King
By 1521 Wolsey had had Buckingham arrested and executed
Buckingham’s fate could be seen as a warning to anyone who tried to question the cardinal’s power
19
Q
Why might Wolsey have felt threatened by Buckingham?
A
He was the only person to have ever held a title of Duke during Henry’s reign - Wolsey may have felt threatened by this
20
Q
What can Buckingham’s execution be seen as?
A
A warning to anyone who could potentially try to question the Cardinal’s power
21
Q
What did Wolsey’s titles in church mean?
A
1518 papal legate - he represented the pope in England
1524 legate a latere - full supreme authority of the pope
22
Q
How had Wolsey been granted the title legate a latere?
A
Both Henry and Wolsey had put significant amounts of pressure on the pope to grant the title, legate a latere as permanent so Wolsey could undergo a reform of the church
23
Q
What did many of Wolsey’s enemies accuse him of?
A
Pluralism
He had been granted many titles in church, including Archbishop of York and Bishop of Durham meaning
Absenteeism
Because he had so many titles, he couldn’t fulfil all his duties at once
24
Q
Concerns regarding church
A
- Keeping protestantism under control
2. The church reform (didn’t see this as a main goal of his so didn’t do much for it)
25
How was protestantism spreading?
Invention of the printing press meant many people were more aware of the criticisms of the tax going to the pope in Rome.
Many lollards were exploiting this issue and using it to promote the work of Martin Luther
26
How did Wolsey personify the problem of protestantism?
He had 2 illegitimate children and was living with his wife
27
How did Wolsey control the spread of protestantism?
1. Convinced Henry to publish the 'defence of the 7 sacraments' in 1521 which involved heavy criticisms of the work of Martin Luther - H later rewarded with the title of 'defender of the faith' because of his work
2. Burnt many lutheran texts outside st paul's cathedral
3. Arrested those in universities suspected of protestantism
28
In reality why wasn't the spread of protestantism that much of an issue for Wolsey?
Most people stayed devoted to the Catholic faith and many Lollards weren't actually protestant
29
What did Wolsey do for the reformation of the church?
Shut down 8 religious houses and 24 Monastries as a method of controlling monasticism and promoting education
30
Failures of Wolsey in religious reform
Didn't believe it was a major part of his work.
Planned to open multiple grammar schools - only one had been opened in Ipswich by his downfall
He also established a cardinal college at Oxford, however this success was short lived as it was later shut down by HVIII after his downfall and reopened as a christ church college
31
Evaluation of Wolsey's policies regarding the church
Focussed his efforts on controlling spread of protestantism when in reality most people were extremely dedicated and loyal to the Catholic church
He was granted the title legate a latere by the pope in order to undertake a complete church reform - he had very little achievements in the church reform as he believed it wasn't a major part of his role
32
How much power did Wolsey have in government?
Lots of influence - Henry took little interest in most government affairs
Although he had lots of influence he made sure to consult the king, and get the King's approval before implementing measures - constantly feared for losing his position as 'Henry's favourite'
IN REALITY WOLSEY DID LITTLE IN GOVERNMENT
33
What were Wolsey's acts in government mainly to do with?
Wolsey did little in governemnt, his policies mainly focussed on improving his position of power and gaining more control and influence over those in court
e.g. 1526 Eltham ordinances were implemented with the goal to improve the disastrous finances of the privy council, in reality the act was more to do with increasing Wolsey's control and influence in court
34
When were the Eltham ordinances implemented and what were they designed to do?
1526
Implemented with the goal to improve the disastrous finances of the privy council. In reality the ordinances were more to do with increasing the power and influence that Wolsey had over others in court
35
What reputation did Wolsey have with regards to finances?
'a friend of the poor' - due to his frequent involvement in the problem of enclosures
36
Why had Henry VII distanced himself from the problem of enclosures
He feared opposition from landowners
37
What did Wolsey do to help the issue of enclosures?
He recognised the impact enclosures were having on the quality of life for the poor
1517 - conducted a survey to see how much land was being enclosed and the effects enclosures were having upon village life
Further investigations conducted in 1518 however, progress was suspended until 1526 due to opposition from landowners
38
When was progress suspended for solving the issue of enclosures and why?
1523 - 26
| Opposition from landowners in parliament
39
First act conducted by Wolsey to stop the issue of enclosures
1517 - conducted a survey which enquired into how much land was actually enclosed and how enclosures were affecting village life
Over 220 landowners were taken to court
40
Why did Henry always have a shortage of money?
Foreign policy was expensive - desire for glory on the battle field and to be respected by other rulers
41
Summary of Wolsey's financial policies
1522 - conducted a national survey which would find out how much tax people were capable of paying. This was used for a year and raised £200,000 whcih wasn't a sufficient enough amount of money to keep up with Henry's expensive foreign policy
1523 - introduced a subsidy which was a tax based on income rather than property, however again this tax didn't raise as much money as Wolsey had hoped for
1525 - Amicable grant implemented on the church and on tax payers - based on property value rather than income
42
Financial policy implemented in 1523
subsidy tax - based on income rather than property value
43
Financial policy implemented in 1525
Amicable grant - implemented on church and based on property value rather than income
44
What position led Wolsey to be in charge of the legal system?
Lord Chancellor - 1515
45
main plan of Wolsey regarding legal system
To strengthen the star chamber - this was used to trail nobles and local officials who abused their power
46
What reputation was Wolsey given in his role in the legal system (and enclosures)?
'a friend of the poor'
47
How was Wolsey a 'friend of the poor' in his financial policies?
He encouraged the poor to put forward their cases before the court and used the court of requests to hear cases from the poor - this was a cheaper, faster system to use
He also showed his support for anti-enclosure laws as he recognised the effect enclosures were having on the quality of village life
48
What other court did Wolsey use, as well as the star chamber?
court of requests - for the poor
| quick and cheap
49
What 2 failures led to Wolsey's downfall
1. Failure to resolve Henry's 'great matter' - Henry wanted Wolsey, as papal legate to influence the pope into granting the annulment
2. The Amicable grant of 1525, implemented to fund Henry's expensive war with France - led to rebellion and forced Henry to withdraw from the war
50
What did Henry question when Wolsey failed to solve his 'great matter'?
Wolsey's loyalty to Henry - he believed Wolsey was serving the pope before Henry
51
What 3 methods did Wolsey use to try and obtain Henry a divorce from Catherine of Aragon?
1. Drew up a complex line of argument surrounding the reason that COA could not produce a male heir
2. Attempted to remove Charles V's influence from Pope Clement
3. Completely remove any influence Pope Clement had over the decision
52
What reasons did Wolsey put forward that COA could not produce a male heir?
H had married his brother, Arthur's widow. This was a sinful act, proved through a section written by leviticus in the old testament. Henry's conscience would not allow this to continue
53
Why didn't the first method Wolsey used - convincing people Henry had committed a sinful act work?
Many did not believe in Leviticus's meaning and believed it was Henry's duty to marry his brother's widow and have children with her on his brother's behalf
54
Why would Charles V of Spain be unlikely to support the divorce?
He was COA's nephew
55
How did Wolsey attempt to remove Charles V's influence?
By establishing an alliance with France and through the renewal of Italian warfare
56
Why did Wolsey's plan to remove Charles' influence from the pope fail?
Charles was far too entrenched in the Italian peninsula
57
How did Wolsey attempt to remove any influence the pope would have over the divorce?
He arranged for the divorce hearing to be held in England and granting the divorce himself through his position as papal legate
58
What was the Pope's reaction to Wolsey's requests to have the divorce hearing in England?
As to not offend Wolsey Pope Clement agreed
| However, as to not offend Charles V, he sent cardinal cambeggio over to england to assist with the divorce
59
Who did the pope send over to England to assist with the divorce and what was he instructed to do?
Cardinal cambeggio
| Sent with strict instructions to ensure a decision was never made
60
Why was the divorce hearing in England delayed even further?
Due to Cambeggio's ill-health
61
Where was the trial held in England?
Blackfriars
62
Why was the divorce hearing delayed even further after Cambeggio arrived in England?
COA refused to recognise the court hearing. She challenged the authority of the court and demanded for the case to be heard in Rome. the pope agreed to Catherine's requests
63
Why did the Pope agree to Catherine's requests after she challenged the authority of the pope and demanded for the divorce case to be held in Rome?
Used as another way to delay the divorce hearing, without offending Henry or Charles
64
What had henry realised after all 3 of Wolsey's attempts to secure Henry's 'great matter' had failed?
Wolsey had run out of solutions and had no use to Henry anymore
Charged Henry with Praemunire - accusations of putting the needs of the pope ahead of those of the King
65
Who did Henry need approval from after the annulment of his marriage and how did he achieve that?
Putting pressure on the clergy and the pope
66
How did he put pressure on the clergy to support the annulment of his marriage?
- 15 of the clergy were charged with praemunire alongside Wolsey
- 1531 the church was fined for promoting Wolsey's papal posts
- Later in 1531 Henry agreed to pardon the clergy of all crimes against henry if they were to accept him as 'supreme head' of the church and lawmaker. A compromise was reached and they agreed to refer to him as 'supreme head' as far as the law of christ allows
67
How did Henry put pressure on the pope to support the annulment of his marriage?
- Gained the approval of scholars from universities such as Oxford and Cambridge
- 1532 parliament passed the act of annates meaning payments to Rome from the clergy were suspended
- Henry requested that the pope would choose Thomas Cranmer to be the Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1533 parliament passed the act in restraint of appeals. this meant no appeals could be made to the pope in decisions made in English courts
68
What was the act of annates and when was it passed?
1532
| Suspended payments from the clergy to the pope in Rome
69
Who did Henry request the pope to establish as Archbishop of Canterbury
1532
| Thomas Cranmer - protestant
70
What was the act in restraint of appeals?
Passed in 1533
| Banned appeals made to the pope for any decisions made in English courts
71
Subsidiary evidence that led to Wolsey's downfall?
Faction in court:
- Anne Boleyn's supporters said to have 'poisoned' Henry's mind against Wolsey and convinced him Wolsey was trying to delay the divorce (even though it was Wolsey who had gone to the efforts to stop the marriage of Anne Boleyn to Henry Percy in 1522)
- Wolsey had many enemies in court due to his vindictive arrogant attitude
72
Similarity between Wolsey and Cromwell
Both realised the key to success with Henry was to be flexible and have the King's needs as a priority
73
When did Cromwell replace Wolsey as chief minister?
1532
74
Cromwell's religious policies
Encouraged preachers to spread protestantism
- Key role in dissolution of the monasteries in 1536
- 1534 passed the act of supremacy
75
What was the dissolution of the monasteries?
Bill presented to Parliament by Cromwell which would close all smaller monasteries with a revenue of less than £200,000 a year
About 376 monasteries were closed
76
How many monasteries were closed in 1536?
376
77
What was the act of supremacy?
1534
| Established henry as 'supreme head' of the church
78
What changes in parliament took place under Cromwell?
The royal council became the privy council
79
What was better about Cromwell's government?
The privy council was far smaller and more professional. Parliament was used more effectively
80
What did Cromwell do for royal finances?
He established the court of Augmentations in 1536 alongside smaller courts including, the court of first fruits and the court of wards
81
Goal of the establishment of the court of Augmentations in 1536
To gain better control over the land and finances held by the Catholic church
82
Significance of the date the court of Augmentations was introduced
1536 - just after the dissolution of smaller monasteries
83
When was the annulment of Henry's marriage secured?
1533 by Archbishop Cranmer
84
Why did Henry marry Anne quickly and in private?
Married quickly as Anne was pregnant - to prevent the birth of an illegitimate heir
85
When was Elizabeth born and significance of this?
1533 - Henry was extremely disappointed and blamed both Anne and God for not giving him a male heir
86
Significance of 1535
Anne gave birth to a stillborn - devastated Henry
87
Significance of 1536
Henry signed an order which allowed commissioners to enquire into any treason committed by his wife.
Within 3 weeks Anne was arrested and charged with committing adultery, including with her own brother and plotting the murder of her husband
88
What was Anne Boleyn charged with and when did she die?
Committing adultery with half a dozen men, including her own brother
Plotting the murder of her husband
May 19th 1536
89
Who was Jane Seymour?
One of Anne Boleyn's maids - she had caught H's eye
90
When did Henry marry Jane Seymour?
1536, just 11 days after Anne Boleyn's death
91
When does Jane Seymour give birth?
1537, provides Henry with his long-awaited male heir Edward VI
Dies just 12 days after her birth to Edward
92
How long after Edward's birth does Anne die?
12 days
93
When did Henry marry his 4th wife - significance of this?
Married Anne of Cleaves in 1540
The marriage was arranged by Thomas Cromwell and would be politically beneficial for England. Established an alliance with the protestant Germany and therefore didn't leave England completely isolated.
94
Why did Henry divorce Anne of Cleaves?
Divorced her the same year he had married her
| Her looks had been falsely portrayed to Henry by Cromwell
95
Significance of Henry's divorce to Anne of Cleaves?
Gave Cromwell's enemies in court the perfect opportunity to press for his fall from power e.g. the duke of Norfolk
96
Which policies show it is evident Cromwell was a staunch protestant?
- 1534 act of supremacy
| - 1536 dissolution of monasteries followed by implementation of court of augmentations
97
Evidence Cromwell's downfall was to do with Henry's beliefs? - Only abandoned his faith to secure a line of succession
Henry was not fully committed to the Protestant faith
- 1521 he had written the 'defence of the 7 sacraments' and rewarded with title of 'defender of the faith' (however heavily encouraged by Wolsey)
- the thought of a divorce was in his mind as early as 1525, took him ages to announce himself as 'supreme head', clearly hesitant (Could've just been waiting for the right conditions e.g. to ensure he had the support of the clergy and to wait after Archbishop of Canterbury's death)
- Act in restraint of annates suspended for a year and only passed on the king's approval (however could've been slow to pass due to opposition from Parliament or fear of being excommunicated by the pope)
98
Evidence Cromwell's downfall was due to faction in court?
- H desired Cromwell's niece and Cromwell disliked hi niece heavily - Duke of Norfolk used this piece of information to poison Henry and Cromwell's relationship
- Enemies in court used the disastrous marriage alliance to ensure his fall from power - his fall was extremely quick in 1540 suggesting foul play
99
Evidence Cromwells downfall was to do with the marriage alliance?
Henry felt humiliated
| Trusted Cromwell however, Cromwell had wrongly described Anne's appearance
100
Evidence Cromwell's downfall was to do with him implementing his own religious policies?
Arrested in 1540, substantial amount of evidence Cromwell was pursuing his own political agenda and had failed to properly enforce the act of 6 articles
No sign of downfall at the start of 1540 - had been granted the respectable title of the earl of Essex.
Not just factions in court 'poisoning' Henry's mind
101
When was Cromwell executed?
July 1540
102
When did Henry break from Rome and the Catholic church?
1534
103
What were King Henry VIII's aims in foreign policy?
Achieve glory on the battlefield
Expand his empire and appear as powerfully nationally and internationally
Appear as a renaissance prince
Claim his birth right to the French throne
Secure the Scottish border
Maintain good trade relations with the Netherlands
104
Explain the foreign policy situation Henry VIII inherited
Improved Scottish French relations. An alliance had been secured between the two in 1512. Both had England as the common enemy - extremely threatening for England
105
Explain the situation in Scotland for Henry (1st invasion)
In 1513 James IV took advantage of Henry's absence as he was fighting a war in France and invaded England. Because of Henry's absence the response to the invasion was led and coordinated by Catherine of Aragon. England won an extremely impressive victory at the battle of Flodden in 1513. King James IV was killed as well as the core of the nobility.
TAKE NOTE - he invaded England to help France - alliance
106
Events after the battle of Flodden in Scotland
James V inherited the throne. An anglo-Scottish alliance was secured between the 2 powers through the marriage between Henry's sister Margaret and James
This peace lasted 30 years
107
How long did peace with Scotland last and why were tensions rising again?
30 years
| James, a devoted Catholic resented the English religious reform.
108
What was the final barrier between a second war with Scotland and when was this removed?
James's marriage to Margaret. She died in 1541
109
Explain the second invasion in Scotland
James failed to meet Henry in York to discuss a religious settlement between the two countries
In 1542 Henry invaded the Scottish border and defeated Scotland at the battle of Solway Moss
He took over 1000 prisoners
110
Evaluation of Henry in Scotland
Appeared as a renaissance prince - 2 victories
Improved his reputation at home and made him appear as more powerful internationally
Achieved glory on the battlefield
However
Wars with Scotland were extremely expensive and led the crown into debt - debasement of the coinage started led to inflation and increased levels of economic instability
111
What was Henry's most important foreign aim?
To defeat France and claim his birth right to the French throne
112
What did England join in 1512?
The Holy League
| An anti-French alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain and Venice
113
Why did Henry initially have the funds and confidence to invade France?
His father had left the crown in an extremely financially stable position
HVII had focussed his efforts on improving the crown's finances being extremely cautious and sensible with his spendings. He had recognised the biggest reason for debt for previous monarchs had been to do with having an extremely expensive foreign policy - he focussed efforts on maintaining peace
Extreme desire for glory - had alliances (Holy league)
114
Explain the events of the Battle of Spurs
Henry led a 30,000 strong royal army into France in 1512.
Henry's forces faced little resistance from the French and the name of rebellion the battle of 'Spurs' refers to how fast the french forces retreated
English success however, Spanish forces did not arrive to aid England as promised
England now had possession of Tournai and Therouanne however, in return he had to give up his French claims to the throne.
115
Why was the battle of Spurs a huge success for Wolsey?
Battle, as well as the English army was planned and provided for by Wolsey.
Was his first major success - Henry rewarded him with the title of Bishop of Tournai
116
Overall success for Henry at the battle of spurs
Achieved glory on the battlefield - quick French retreat
Established himself as a renaissance prince, improving his reputation at home and establishing himself as a powerful leader to foreign monarchs
Expanded English influence and captured cities of Tournai and Theoranne - can be said that this was an extremely minor, unimpressive victory - city of Tournai described as an 'unimpressive doghole' - INSIGNIFICANT VICTORIES BUT EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE WAR - £930,000
Let down by Spain, despite establishment of Holy league
117
how much had the battle of Spurs cost Henry?
£930,000
118
When did Henry make peace with France?
1514, Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor had already done so as they had lost interest in invading France .
119
What did the Anglo-French peace treaty of 1514 state?
English would gain Tournai, French would pay money still owed from the treaty of Etaples established in 1492.
Alliance implemented through the marriage between Henry's sister, Mary and Louis XII
120
When did Louis XII die?
1515
| Francis I succeeded the English throne
121
Why did Henry see Francis I as threatening?
Determined young king who desired military power and glory
| He had a huge victory in 1515 after invading Italy and capturing Milan - far greater victory than Henry's in 1513
122
After the new found threat of Francis I what route did Wolsey decide would be best for England to take and how did he achieve this?
Europe's peacemaker - England was not financially stable enough to compete with European rivals
England established as Europe's peacemaker through the treaty of London in 1518 signed by 24 European states. The treaty guaranteed security and protection
123
How many European states signed the treaty of London in 1518?
24
124
What did the treaty of London establish Henry and Wolsey as?
European peacemakers
125
What happened in 1519 - foreign policy
Charles V was made Holy Roman Emperor after the death of Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian
126
What does Charles v becoming Holy Roman Emperor result in?
A power struggle between Charles V of Spain and Francis I of France.
Charles expressed his desire to attack France
127
Second English attack on France
1522 England launched an extremely unsuccessful attack on Normandy
Withdrew from the war and made peace with France in 1524
128
Event of 1525 in foreign policy
Battle of Pavia
Charles V of Spain launched a hugely successful attack on France and managed to effectively crush the 28,000 strong French army whilst also capturing Francis I
129
Problem of the battle of Pavia
Charles had now gained huge amounts of power and was unwilling to share his successes or French land with Henry
130
Wolsey's response to the Battle of Pavia
1526 - Formed an alliance with France, the Pope and Italy against Charles in the league of Cognac
131
Who were the main people to benefit from Henry's dissolution of the Monasteries?
The nobility - they bought land seized by the crown to enhance their power and wealth
132
How was society affected by the dissolution of the monasteries?
provided education for those who could afford it
| provided care for the sick and help for the poor
133
Impact of the dissolution of the monasteries on monks and nuns
Many monks and nuns had their homes seized and their livelihoods stripped many were left homeless
134
Aims of the amicable grant
1525
Designed to fund Henry's war with France
Involved enforcing taxation based off income rather than property value on the church and tax payers
135
Consequences of the amicable grant
Across East Anglia many people refused to pay, rebels gathered and up to 10,000 marched towards Suffolk
As a result of this the grant was abandoned and henry had to withdraw from the war with France, giving up his french claim to the throne
136
Who was blamed for the failure of the amicable grant
Wolsey
137
When was the pilgrimage of Grace
1536
| Lincolnshire
138
How many rebels were involved in the pilgrimage of Grace?
40,000
| Rebels included Nobles and commoners
139
Who was the pilgrimage of grace led by?
The gentry
140
Religious causes of the pilgrimage of grace
- the name
- the banner - displayed the 5 wounds of christ
- the oath - indicated the rebels were fighting in the name of christ
- timing - followed the dissolution of the smaller monasteries
- demands (9/24 religious) inc the dismissal of Cromwell and the restore of Mary to the succession
- many of the rebels were clergy and monks - had been left homeless and had their livelihoods stripped of them after dissolution
141
Who were the demands of the rebellion written by? (pog)
The clergy - demands therefore bound to be primarily religious
1st set of demands written by rebels thought to be more to do with issues regarding economic hardships such as enclosures and increased taxation
142
Political reasons for Pilgrimage of grace
Led by Gentry (may have been involved due to statute of uses)
Those who resented the Boleyn faction at court (can be seen as religious)
143
Economic reasons for POG
- awful harvest in previous year, 1535 led to starvation and hunger
- Taxation demands - introduction of subsidy in 1523 then amicable grant
- Statute of uses may have been a reason for gentry involvement as it prevented them from avoiding tax on inherited land
144
Consequences of POG
Henry agreed to pardon rebels and look into their demands however, he did not keep his promise and further rebellions led to the execution of the leaders
145
Who was England's key trading partner?
The Netherlands
146
What was trade disrupted by?
War and foreign policy
147
How much did exports of wool increase by under HVIII?
100%
148
Where was the centre of trade for England?
London
149
When was England badly impacted by poor harvests?
1520s
| Led to increase in rise of foodstuff (x2)
150
What was the 'new world'
While HVIII was on the throne Spain and Portugal were building up a large empire in the Americas
151
Why didn't Henry invest in the 'new world'
Didn't think it was worthwhile to invest time and money and wasn't interested in exploration
Could say he missed out on economic oppurtunities
152
What was Henry's religious reformation known as?
The Henrician reformation - wasn't that protestant
'Catholicism without the pope'
153
Catholic religious policies implemented (evidence for Henrician reformation
1537 - Bishops book published
| 1539 - act of six articles
154
Protestant religious policies implemented (evidence against Henrician reformation
1536 - act of 10 articles (before bishops book)
1539 - dissolution of larger monasteries
English bible published
155
What was the act of 10 articles and when was it published?
1536
Rejected 4 of the 7 Catholic Sacraments
PROTESTANT
156
What was the Bishops book and when was it published?
Attacked traditional Catholic practices and gave advice
PROTESTANT
Restored 4 articles rejected in 1536 by act of 10 articles
CATHOLIC
157
What were the act of 6 articles and when were they published?
Reestablished the Catholic faith as the basis of faith for the English church
Banned protestant beliefs such as wine and bread at Holy communion
CATHOLIC
158
Purpose of the act of dissolution of larger monasteries in 1539
Mainly to finance Henry's expensive foreign policy and pay off some of the crown's debts
Also because Cromwell expressed his opposition to traditional Catholic practices held in monasteries such as prayers for the souls of the dead
159
English bible published (extra info)
Favoured more of a protestant reformation
Cover showed God giving HVIII his word
Henry distributed this to the English people
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Henry's religious views
Conservative
Break with Rome only to do with desire for a divorce
e.g. shown through implementation of 6 articles in 1539 as a reaction to the changes implemented by Cromwell in 1536
