Henry VIII and the Tudors

Question 1

The Reformation

Answer 1

Religious movement to reform the Catholic Church and resulting in the formation of Protestant churches.

Question 2

Break from Rome

Answer 2

Henry VIII’s decision to break away from the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England with him as the head of it.

Question 3

The Act of Supremacy

Answer 3

A law in 1534 that made Henry VIII and future monarchs head of Church of England.

Question 4

Catherine of Aragon

Answer 4

Spanish princess who was first wife of Henry VIII and mother of Mary I.

Question 5

Anne Boleyn

Answer 5

Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I.

Question 6

Protestant

Answer 6

A Christian who protested against the Catholic Church and went on to join one of many protestant churches in Europe.

Question 7

Indulgences

Answer 7

Documents sold by the Catholic Church that promised someone could go to Heaven if they paid enough money from the document.

Question 8

Corruption

Answer 8

To behave in a way that was not appropriate and did not obey the expected rules e.g. priests having children.

Question 9

Monasteries

Answer 9

Religious community/ buildings of Monks.

Question 10

Dissolution of the monasteries

Answer 10

The destruction of 600 monasteries by Henry VIII.

Question 11

Pilgrimage of Grace

Answer 11

A revolt against The Break from Rome in 1536.

Question 12

Common book of Prayer

Answer 12

Service/ prayer book that was used in all Church of England church services from 1549.

Question 13

Edward VI

Answer 13

Son of Henry VIII; his mother was Henry’s 4th wife, Jane Seymour. Edward became king in 1557 when he was 9 years old.

Question 14

Regency 攝政權

Answer 14

a period of rule when a king is very young and has a regent to help him rule.

Question 15

Protector

Answer 15

Someone in charge of a kingdom when the king is too young to rule. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset was Edward’s protector.

Question 16

Succession

Answer 16

The right to be next king or queen.

Question 17

Bloody Mary

Answer 17

Queen of England when Edward VI died.Her mother was Catherine of Aragon. She was called ‘Bloody Mary’ because she burned protestants at the stake.

Question 18

Counter-Reformation

Answer 18

The change of the English Church from protestant back to Catholic under Mary I.

Question 19

King Philip of Spain

Answer 19

Spanish king who marred Mary Tudor He wanted to marry Elizabeth when Mary died but Elizabeth objected.

Question 20

Elizabeth I

Answer 20

Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn.

Question 21

Elizabeth’s religious settlement

Answer 21

Elizabeth wanted a ‘middle ay’ after the big changes under Edward & Mary. She used laws to make the Church moderately Protestant but keeping some catholic elements to keep Catholics happy.

Question 22

The Armada

Answer 22

Spanish naval invasion 入侵 force sent against England in 1588 by Philip II of Spain.

Question 23

Galleons

Answer 23

Ships, particularly warships.

Question 24

The Mary Rose

Answer 24

A warship that was built for Henry VIII.

Question 25

Hellburners

Answer 25

Ships set on fire by the English and loaded with gunpowder that were sailed into the Spanish Armada with the intention of breaking up the crescent formation.

Question 26

Lord Howard of Effingham

Answer 26

Leader of the English fleet.

Question 27

Sir Francis Drake

Answer 27

Second in command of the English fleet. Drake was an experienced sailor and greatly feared by the Spanish.

Question 28

Privateer

Answer 28

Pirate - someone who steals treasure & goods from the other ships.

Question 29

The Duke of Medina Sidonia

Answer 29

Leader of the Spanish fleet.

Question 30

Skirmish

Answer 30

Outbreaks of short, unplanned fighting.

Question 31

Manoeuvre

Answer 31

A movement e.g. of a ship.

Question 32

John Blanke

Answer 32

A Trumpeter in Henry VIII’s court.

Question 33

Jacques Francis

Answer 33

West African professional pearl diver who dived into the sea to rescue the guns that was in the Mary Rose.

Question 34

Why did Henry VIII change the Church?

Answer 34

1. Divorce- Have a divorce with Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn.
2. Religion- He wanted more power. He wanted more control over both religious and non-religious matters in England. By making himself the leader of the Church of England, he could have more power and authority within the country.
3. Power- The dissolution of monasteries allowed him to gain wealth and resources, enriching the crown and strengthening his reign. This made him very rich and helped him to pay for his wars, parties and divorce spending, and keep his supporters grateful.

Question 35

Why was the Catholic Church becoming unpopular?

Answer 35

1. Indulgences, corruption and new thinking of the Renaissance not stable and calm.
2. Some monks & nuns were having children and were in relationships when they were supposed to devote their lives to God.
3. The Church was using people to get money: baptisms, weddings, burials.

Question 36

What changes did Edward VI make to the Church?

Answer 36

1. Introduced English Book of Common Prayer.
2. Church services became simple and people could understand what was being said as services were in English.
3. Priests could marry.
4. Catholic shrines, images, stained glass windows & decorations were removed.
5. Priests did not have to dress in the bright clothing as they did in the Catholic Church.

Question 37

What does the study of the Mary Rose tell us about life in Tudor England?

Answer 37

1. Diverse Crew 各種船員: The remains and artefacts 文物from the Mary Rose unveil 揭幕 a varied crew composition, showcasing the multicultural makeup of Tudor England.
2. Naval Technology: Analysis of the ship’s structure and weaponry 武器 offers valuable insights 洞察力 into the advancements in Tudor naval technology and shipbuilding techniques.
3. International Communication: By studying the voyages 航行 of the Mary Rose, historians gain a better understanding of Tudor England’s interactions with other naval powers, providing a glimpse 瞥見into the extent 範圍 of its international communication and relations.

Question 38

How did Mary I change the Church?

Answer 38

1. Religion changed back to Catholicism.
2. Priests were not allowed to marry.
3. Decorations were put back in Churches.
4. Protestants who refused to revert back to Catholicism were burned as heretics - nearly 300 people died in this way.
5. Services held in lain again & English Book of Prayer was banned.

Question 39

Why was the Spanish Armada defeated?

Answer 39

1. Luck
   
   • Bad weather meant the Spanish ships were shipwrecked on their way home.
   • Spanish ships struggled to cope with conditions in the English Channel.
2. Leadership
   
   • Sir Francis Drake was experienced, a good leader & tactician.
   • The Duke of Medina Sidonia had no experience fighting naval battles.
3. Tactics
   
   • English use of fire ships broke up crescent formation allowing English ships to attack Spanish galleons.
   • English ship were faster & used canons to effectively attack Spanish.
   • The Spanish canons were too big & not designed to be fired at sea. Many cannonballs were the wrong size.
   • It was a disaster waiting for the troops in the Netherlands who never arrived.

Question 40

Describe two problems faced by Henry VIII when he was a king. (4 marks)

Answer 40

1. Henry VIII needed a male heir but Catherine of Aragon couldn’t give birth any children anymore. It’s not possible to let Mary I ruled over England since there’s no women have ruled over England before. Therefore, Henry VIII wanted a divorce with Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn. However, the Pope refused. Therefore, he made himself the boss of the Church of England (Protestant). Then he married Anne Boleyn. At last, she gave birth a girl named Elizabeth I unfortunately. Henry VIII didn’t even attend Elizabeth’s christening.
2. He wanted to make himself the Head of the English Church and change the religion from Catholic to Protestant. This is a problem because it’s slightly hard to succeed. However, there’s lots of people didn’t like Catholic Church at that time because of indulgences and corruptions. Therefore, He utilised this factor to implement 實施 his plan: change Catholic to protestant, which he succeeded at last.

Question 41

In what ways were the lives of the English people affected by The English Reformation? (8 marks)

Answer 41

1. There were over 600 monasteries were dissolved. Lack of monasteries meant lack of healthcare and care for the poor. As long as there’s lack of healthcare, there were huge amount of people died. These institutions 機構 had been vital 生命 for providing medical care and assistance to those in need. Without them, many people would left without access to essential services , worsening health outcomes and social inequality.
2. During the dissolution of the monasteries, people were allowed to remove parts of the buildings, like stones and materials. This was very popular, as it gave the opportunity to acquire 獲得 valuable resources for their own use.